19
If you are already familiar with decentralized revision control, then please feel free to skip ahead to "Introducing Yourself to Bazaar-NG". If, on the other hand, you are familiar with revision control but not decentralized revision control, then please start at "How DRCS is different." Otherwise, get some coffee or tea, get comfortable and get ready to catch up.
20
If you are already familiar with decentralized revision control, then
21
please feel free to skip ahead to "Introducing Yourself to Bazaar-NG". If,
22
on the other hand, you are familiar with revision control but not
23
decentralized revision control, then please start at "How DRCS is
24
different." Otherwise, get some coffee or tea, get comfortable and get
21
27
The Purposes of Revision Control
22
28
================================
24
Odds are that you have worked on some sort of textual data -- the sources to a program, web sites or the config files that Unix system administrators have to deal with in /etc. The chances are also good that you have made some sort of mistake that you deeply regretted. Perhaps you deleted the configuration file for your mailserver or perhaps mauled the source code for a pet project. Whatever happened, you have just deleted important information that you would desperately like to get back. If this has ever happened to you, then you are probably ready for Bazaar-NG.
26
Revision control systems (which I'll henceforth call RCS) such as Bazaar-NG give you the ability to track changes for a directory by turning it into something slightly more complicated than a directory that we call a **branch**. The branch not only stores how the directory looks right now, but also how it looked at various points in the past. Then, when you do something you wish you hadn't, you can restore the directory to the way it looked at some point in the past.
28
Revision control systems give users the ability to save changes to a branch by "committing a **revision**". The revision created is essentially a summary of the changes that were made since the last time the tree was saved.
30
These revisions have other uses as well. For example, one can comment revisions to record what the recent set of changes meant by providing an optional log message. Real life log messages include things like "Fixed the web template to close the table" and "Added sftp suppport. Fixes #595"
30
Odds are that you have worked on some sort of textual data -- the sources
31
to a program, web sites or the config files that Unix system administrators
32
have to deal with in /etc. The chances are also good that you have made
33
some sort of mistake that you deeply regretted. Perhaps you deleted the
34
configuration file for your mailserver or perhaps mauled the source code
35
for a pet project. Whatever happened, you have just deleted important
36
information that you would desperately like to get back. If this has ever
37
happened to you, then you are probably ready for Bazaar-NG.
39
Revision control systems (which I'll henceforth call RCS) such as Bazaar-NG
40
give you the ability to track changes for a directory by turning it into
41
something slightly more complicated than a directory that we call a
42
**branch**. The branch not only stores how the directory looks right now,
43
but also how it looked at various points in the past. Then, when you do
44
something you wish you hadn't, you can restore the directory to the way it
45
looked at some point in the past.
47
Revision control systems give users the ability to save changes to a branch
48
by "committing a **revision**". The revision created is essentially a
49
summary of the changes that were made since the last time the tree was
52
These revisions have other uses as well. For example, one can comment
53
revisions to record what the recent set of changes meant by providing an
54
optional log message. Real life log messages include things like "Fixed the
55
web template to close the table" and "Added sftp suppport. Fixes #595"
32
We keep these logs so that if later there is some sort of problem with sftp, we can figure out when the problem probably happened.
57
We keep these logs so that if later there is some sort of problem with
58
sftp, we can figure out when the problem probably happened.
34
60
How DRCS is Different
35
61
---------------------
37
Many Revision Control Systems (RCS) are stored on servers. If one wants to work on the code stored within an RCS, then one needs to connect to the server and "checkout" the code. Doing so gives one a directory in which a person can make changes and then commit. The RCS client then connects to the RCS server and stores the changes. This method is known as the centralized model.
39
The centralized model can have some drawbacks. A centralized RCS requires that one is able to connect to the server whenever one wants to do version control work. This can be a bit of a problem if your server on some other machine on the internet and you are not. Or, worse yet, you ''are'' on the internet but the server is missing!
41
Decentralized Revision Control Systems (which I'll call DRCS after this point) deal with this problem by keeping branches on the same machine as the client. In Bazaar-NG's case, the branch is kept in the same place as the code that is being version controlled. This allows the user to save his changes (**commit**) whenever he wants -- even if he is offline. The user only needs internet access when he wants to access the changes in someone else's branch that are somewhere else.
63
Many Revision Control Systems (RCS) are stored on servers. If one wants to
64
work on the code stored within an RCS, then one needs to connect to the
65
server and "checkout" the code. Doing so gives one a directory in which a
66
person can make changes and then commit. The RCS client then connects to
67
the RCS server and stores the changes. This method is known as the
70
The centralized model can have some drawbacks. A centralized RCS requires
71
that one is able to connect to the server whenever one wants to do version
72
control work. This can be a bit of a problem if your server on some other
73
machine on the internet and you are not. Or, worse yet, you ''are'' on the
74
internet but the server is missing!
76
Decentralized Revision Control Systems (which I'll call DRCS after this
77
point) deal with this problem by keeping branches on the same machine as
78
the client. In Bazaar-NG's case, the branch is kept in the same place as
79
the code that is being version controlled. This allows the user to save his
80
changes (**commit**) whenever he wants -- even if he is offline. The user
81
only needs internet access when he wants to access the changes in someone
82
else's branch that are somewhere else.
44
A common requirement that many people have is the need to keep track of the changes for a directory such as file and subdirectory changes. Performing this tracking by hand is a awkward process that over time becomes unwieldy. That is, until one considers version control tools such as Bazaar-NG. These tools automate the process of storing data by creating a **revision** of the directory tree whenever the user asks.
46
Revision control software such as Bazaar-NG can do much more than just storage and performing undo. For example, with Bazaar-NG developer can take the modifications in one branch of software and apply them to another, related, branch -- even if those changes exist in a branch owned by somebody else. This allows developers to cooperate without giving write access to repository.
48
Bazaar-NG remembers the ''ancestry'' of a revision: the previous revisions that it is based upon. A single revision may have more than one direct descendant, each with different changes, representing a divergence in the evolution of the tree. By branching, Bazaar-NG allows multiple people to cooperate on the evolution of a project, without all needing to work in strict lock-step. Branching can be useful even for a single developer.
85
A common requirement that many people have is the need to keep track of the
86
changes for a directory such as file and subdirectory changes. Performing
87
this tracking by hand is a awkward process that over time becomes unwieldy.
88
That is, until one considers version control tools such as Bazaar-NG. These
89
tools automate the process of storing data by creating a **revision** of
90
the directory tree whenever the user asks.
92
Revision control software such as Bazaar-NG can do much more than just
93
storage and performing undo. For example, with Bazaar-NG developer can
94
take the modifications in one branch of software and apply them to another,
95
related, branch -- even if those changes exist in a branch owned by
96
somebody else. This allows developers to cooperate without giving write
99
Bazaar-NG remembers the ''ancestry'' of a revision: the previous revisions
100
that it is based upon. A single revision may have more than one direct
101
descendant, each with different changes, representing a divergence in the
102
evolution of the tree. By branching, Bazaar-NG allows multiple people to
103
cooperate on the evolution of a project, without all needing to work in
104
strict lock-step. Branching can be useful even for a single developer.
50
106
Introducing yourself to Bazaar-NG
51
107
=================================
53
Bazaar-NG installs a single new command, **bzr**. Everything else is a subcommand of this. You can get some help with `bzr help`. There will be more in the future.
109
Bazaar-NG installs a single new command, **bzr**. Everything else is a
110
subcommand of this. You can get some help with `bzr help`. There will be
55
One function of a version control system is to keep track of who changed what. In a decentralized system, that requires an identifier for each author that is globally unique. Most people already have one of these: an email address. Bzr is smart enough to automatically generate an email address by looking up your username and hostname. If you don't like the guess that Bazaar-NG makes, then three options exist:
113
One function of a version control system is to keep track of who changed
114
what. In a decentralized system, that requires an identifier for each
115
author that is globally unique. Most people already have one of these: an
116
email address. Bzr is smart enough to automatically generate an email
117
address by looking up your username and hostname. If you don't like the
118
guess that Bazaar-NG makes, then three options exist:
57
120
1. (**Bazaar-NG 0.6 and later**). Setting the email address in the
58
121
``~/.bazaar/bazaar.conf`` by adding the following lines. Please note that
164
246
Committing changes
165
247
==================
167
When the working tree state is satisfactory, it can be **committed** to the branch, creating a new revision holding a snapshot of that state.
249
When the working tree state is satisfactory, it can be **committed** to the
250
branch, creating a new revision holding a snapshot of that state.
172
The **commit** command takes a message describing the changes in the revision. It also records your userid, the current time and timezone, and the inventory and contents of the tree. The commit message is specified by the ''-m'' or ''--message'' option. You can enter a multi-line commit message; in most shells you can enter this just by leaving the quotes open at the end of the line.
255
The **commit** command takes a message describing the changes in the
256
revision. It also records your userid, the current time and timezone, and
257
the inventory and contents of the tree. The commit message is specified by
258
the ''-m'' or ''--message'' option. You can enter a multi-line commit
259
message; in most shells you can enter this just by leaving the quotes open
260
at the end of the line.
176
264
% bzr commit -m "added my first file"
178
You can also use the -F option to take the message from a file. Some people like to make notes for a commit message while they work, then review the diff to make sure they did what they said they did. (This file can also be useful when you pick up your work after a break.)
266
You can also use the -F option to take the message from a file. Some
267
people like to make notes for a commit message while they work, then review
268
the diff to make sure they did what they said they did. (This file can
269
also be useful when you pick up your work after a break.)
180
271
Message from an editor
181
272
======================
183
If you use neither the `-m` nor the `-F` option then bzr will open an editor for you to enter a message. The editor to run is controlled by your `$EDITOR` environment variable or (Post Bazaar-NG 0.6) email setting in . If you quit the editor without making any changes, the commit will be cancelled.
274
If you use neither the `-m` nor the `-F` option then bzr will open an
275
editor for you to enter a message. The editor to run is controlled by your
276
`$EDITOR` environment variable or (Post Bazaar-NG 0.6) email setting in .
277
If you quit the editor without making any changes, the commit will be
199
294
Removing uncommitted changes
200
295
============================
202
If you've made some changes and don't want to keep them, use the **revert** command to go back to the previous head version. It's a good idea to use **bzr diff** first to see what will be removed. By default the revert command reverts the whole tree; if file or directory names are given then only those ones will be affected. **revert** also clears the list of pending merges revisions.
297
If you've made some changes and don't want to keep them, use the **revert**
298
command to go back to the previous head version. It's a good idea to use
299
**bzr diff** first to see what will be removed. By default the revert
300
command reverts the whole tree; if file or directory names are given then
301
only those ones will be affected. **revert** also clears the list of
302
pending merges revisions.
207
Many source trees contain some files that do not need to be versioned, such as editor backups, object or bytecode files, and built programs. You can simply not add them, but then they'll always crop up as unknown files. You can also tell bzr to ignore these files by adding them to a file called ''.bzrignore'' at the top of the tree.
307
Many source trees contain some files that do not need to be versioned, such
308
as editor backups, object or bytecode files, and built programs. You can
309
simply not add them, but then they'll always crop up as unknown files. You
310
can also tell bzr to ignore these files by adding them to a file called
311
''.bzrignore'' at the top of the tree.
209
This file contains a list of file wildcards (or "globs"), one per line. Typical contents are like this::
313
This file contains a list of file wildcards (or "globs"), one per line.
314
Typical contents are like this::
294
412
If you remove the wrong file by accident, you can use **bzr revert** to restore it.
300
Often rather than starting your own project, you will want to submit a change to an existing project. You can get a copy of an existing branch by copying its directory, expanding a tarball, or by a remote copy using something like rsync. You can also use bzr to fetch a copy. Because this new copy is potentially a new branch, the command is called *branch*::
417
Often rather than starting your own project, you will want to submit a
418
change to an existing project. You can get a copy of an existing branch by
419
copying its directory, expanding a tarball, or by a remote copy using
420
something like rsync. You can also use bzr to fetch a copy. Because this
421
new copy is potentially a new branch, the command is called *branch*::
302
423
% bzr branch http://bazaar-ng.org/bzr/bzr.dev
305
This copies down the complete history of this branch, so we can do all operations on it locally: log, annotate, making and merging branches. There will be an option to get only part of the history if you wish.
426
This copies down the complete history of this branch, so we can do all
427
operations on it locally: log, annotate, making and merging branches.
428
There will be an option to get only part of the history if you wish.
433
Another thing that gives you files to edit is a checkout. A checkout is
434
always associated with another branch. One of the purposes of checkouts is
435
to get multiple working trees for a branch. Another reason for checkouts is
436
to get access to the files in a branch without keeping a full copy of the
437
branch available locally. Getting a checkout looks like this::
439
% bzr checkout http://bazaar-ng.org/bzr/bzr.dev
442
Checkouts have several advantages and drawbacks. A checkout does not have
443
any RCS history as the history is stored in the branch for which a checkout
444
is assocated with. This behaviour results in two general rules:
446
1. checkouts take much less space than a full branch
447
2. checkouts are much faster if the branch is on a local filesystem.
307
450
Following upstream changes
308
451
==========================
310
You can stay up-to-date with the parent branch by "pulling" in their changes::
453
You can stay up-to-date with the parent branch by "pulling" in their changes
320
464
Merging from related branches
321
465
=============================
323
If two branches have diverged (both have unique changes) then **bzr merge** is the appropriate command to use. Merge will automatically calculate the changes that exist in the branch you're merging from that are not in your branch and attempt to apply them in your branch.
467
If two branches have diverged (both have unique changes) then **bzr merge**
468
is the appropriate command to use. Merge will automatically calculate the
469
changes that exist in the branch you're merging from that are not in your
470
branch and attempt to apply them in your branch. ::
330
If there is a conflict during a merge, 3 files with the same basename are created. The filename of the common base is appended with .BASE, the filename of the file containing your changes is appended .THIS and the filename with the changes from the other tree is appended .OTHER.
331
Using a program such as kdiff3, you can now comfortably merge them into one file. To commit you have to rename it to the original basename and delete the other two files. As long as there exist files with .BASE, .THIS or .OTHER the commit command will complain.
333
[**TODO**: explain conflict markers within files]
475
Conflicts during merge
476
======================
478
Sometimes two branches modify the same lines in the same files at the same
479
time. The result of this collision is called a "conflict". These conflicts
480
must be resolved by hand as Bazaar-NG can not tell which change you would
481
prefer to keep. You are, however, provided with some information which
482
makes the job easier for you to deal with.
484
The first thing that Bazaar-NG does is to merge in the parts that it can.
485
The parts that can not be merged are put into the file for you to decide
488
The second thing that Bazaar-NG does is to provide you with three extra
489
files for each file that is conflicted. The names of these files are the
490
same as the original filename with ".BASE", ".THIS" and ".OTHER" appended.
491
Each of these files serves a different purpose:
493
+------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
494
| filename.BASE | filename as it looked back when filename was |
495
| | identical in both branches. |
496
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------+
497
| filename.THIS | The version of filename for this branch. All of the |
498
| | parts of the merge with the other branch that can be |
499
| | merged from the other branch without conflicts are |
500
| | accepted. The parts which conflict are thrown away |
501
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------+
502
| filename.OTHER | The version of filename for the other branch. All of |
503
| | parts of the merge from this branch that can be |
504
| | successfully merged are accepted. The parts of the |
505
| | merge which conflict are thrown away |
506
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------+
509
For example, imagine that you and another developer were working on on a
510
simple branch that only contained hello.c. Both of you agree that saying
511
"Yo" to users is a little _too_ informal. Both of you also decide to fix
512
the problem at the same time, but take slightly different approaches. You
513
decide upon saying "Hi", while your compatriot decides upon a slightly more
514
formal "Hello". You both make the respective change and commit. Then, you
515
merge his change. The result would look something like this:
517
+----------------------+------------------------+
518
| hello.c.THIS | hello.c.THAT |
519
+----------------------+------------------------+
520
| | #include <stdio.h> | | #include <stdio.h> |
522
| | main() | | main() |
524
| | printf("Hi"); | | printf("Hello"); |
527
+----------------------+------------------------+
528
| hello.c.BASE | hello.c |
529
+----------------------+------------------------+
530
| | #include <stdio.h> | | #include <stdio.h> |
532
| | main() | | main() |
534
| | printf("Yo"); | | <<<<<<< TREE |
535
| | } | | printf("Hi"); |
537
| | | printf("Hello"); |
538
| | | <<<<<<< MERGE-SOURCE |
541
+----------------------+------------------------+
543
Your job as a developer is to decide which better. A multitude of options
544
exist for how to solve the conflict. Two of them are:
546
1. Decide whether you'd like hello.c.THIS, hello.c.THAT or hello.c.BASE.
547
Copy that one to hello.c.
549
1. edit hello.c and decide which part you wish to keep. Your solution
550
will be between the lines that say "<<<<<<< TREE" and "=======". His
551
solution will be between "=======" and "<<<<<<< MERGE-SOURCE"). Do not
552
forget to delete the markers too!
554
Bazaar also tracks which files conflicted during merge to prevent you from
555
accidentally committing the conflict markers to your branch. To tell
556
Bazaar-NG that you have fixed one of the conflicted files, run::
558
% bzr resolve hello.c
560
Using a program such as kdiff3, you can now comfortably merge them into one
561
file. To commit you have to rename it to the original basename and delete
562
the other two files. As long as there exist files with .BASE, .THIS or
563
.OTHER the commit command will complain.
336
566
Publishing your branch
337
567
======================
338
You don't need a special server to publish a bzr branch, just a normal web server. Just mirror the files to your server, including the .bzr directory. One can push a branch (or the changes for a branch) by one of the following three methods:
340
* Rsync: rsync -avrz LOCALBRANCH servername.com/this/directory/here
341
* (Post 0.6): bzr push sftp://servername.com/this/directory/here (sftp://servername.com/this/directory/ must already exist)
342
* The push plugin that comes with BzrTools
569
You do not need a special server to publish a bzr branch. Generally
570
speaking, one can push a branch via sftp to a directory that is served via
571
apache. Bazaar-NG supports a variety of methods for reading and writing
574
Bazaar-NG can push branches via these methods::
575
1. sftp via ssh (the most common)
577
3. Any filesystem mounted via remote filesystem tools like NFS and Samba
578
4. The Canonical.com branch hosting service (via scoming soon)
579
5. Rsync (requires bzrtools plugin from http://bazaar-vcs.org/BzrTools)
581
Bazaar-NG can also read branches via a variety of methods::
583
1. Standard http, (E.g. Apache)
588
The most common approach is to push a branch via sftp to a place that is
589
served via SFTP. This usually looks something like::
591
* You have a branch in ~/somebranch
592
* You have a directory on /home/yourname/public_html on BigServer that
593
shows up as http://BigServer/~yourname
595
In cases such as this, you'll usually perform the following commands to
596
initially push your branch via rsync (which requires the bzrtools plugin)::
599
% bzr push yourname@BigServer:public_html/somebranch/
601
Other people can then access for your branch by doing the following::
604
% bzr merge http://BigServer/~yourname/somebranch