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Current for bzr-0.7pre, 2006-01-06.
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Current for bzr-0.8, 2006-04
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If you are already familiar with decentralized revision control, then please feel free to skip ahead to "Introducing Yourself to Bazaar-NG". If, on the other hand, you are familiar with revision control but not decentralized revision control, then please start at "How DRCS is different." Otherwise, get some coffee or tea, get comfortable and get ready to catch up.
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If you are already familiar with decentralized revision control, then
21
please feel free to skip ahead to "Introducing Yourself to Bazaar-NG". If,
22
on the other hand, you are familiar with revision control but not
23
decentralized revision control, then please start at "How DRCS is
24
different." Otherwise, get some coffee or tea, get comfortable and get
21
27
The Purposes of Revision Control
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28
================================
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Odds are that you have worked on some sort of textual data -- the sources to a program, web sites or the config files that Unix system administrators have to deal with in /etc. The chances are also good that you have made some sort of mistake that you deeply regretted. Perhaps you deleted the configuration file for your mailserver or perhaps mauled the source code for a pet project. Whatever happened, you have just deleted important information that you would desperately like to get back. If this has ever happened to you, then you are probably ready for Bazaar-NG.
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Revision control systems (which I'll henceforth call RCS) such as Bazaar-NG give you the ability to track changes for a directory by turning it into something slightly more complicated than a directory that we call a **branch**. The branch not only stores how the directory looks right now, but also how it looked at various points in the past. Then, when you do something you wish you hadn't, you can restore the directory to the way it looked at some point in the past.
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Revision control systems give users the ability to save changes to a branch by "committing a **revision**". The revision created is essentially a summary of the changes that were made since the last time the tree was saved.
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These revisions have other uses as well. For example, one can comment revisions to record what the recent set of changes meant by providing an optional log message. Real life log messages include things like "Fixed the web template to close the table" and "Added sftp suppport. Fixes #595"
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Odds are that you have worked on some sort of textual data -- the sources
31
to a program, web sites or the config files that Unix system
32
administrators have to deal with in /etc. The chances are also good that
33
you have made some sort of mistake that you deeply regretted. Perhaps you
34
deleted the configuration file for your mailserver or perhaps mauled the
35
source code for a pet project. Whatever happened, you have just deleted
36
important information that you would desperately like to get back. If this
37
has ever happened to you, then you are probably ready for Bazaar-NG.
39
Revision control systems (which I'll henceforth call RCS) such as
40
Bazaar-NG give you the ability to track changes for a directory by turning
41
it into something slightly more complicated than a directory that we call
42
a **branch**. The branch not only stores how the directory looks right
43
now, but also how it looked at various points in the past. Then, when you
44
do something you wish you hadn't, you can restore the directory to the way
45
it looked at some point in the past.
47
Revision control systems give users the ability to save changes to a
48
branch by "committing a **revision**". The revision created is essentially
49
a summary of the changes that were made since the last time the tree was
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These revisions have other uses as well. For example, one can comment
53
revisions to record what the recent set of changes meant by providing an
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optional log message. Real life log messages include things like "Fixed
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the web template to close the table" and "Added sftp suppport. Fixes #595"
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We keep these logs so that if later there is some sort of problem with sftp, we can figure out when the problem probably happened.
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We keep these logs so that if later there is some sort of problem with
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sftp, we can figure out when the problem probably happened.
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How DRCS is Different
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---------------------
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Many Revision Control Systems (RCS) are stored on servers. If one wants to work on the code stored within an RCS, then one needs to connect to the server and "checkout" the code. Doing so gives one a directory in which a person can make changes and then commit. The RCS client then connects to the RCS server and stores the changes. This method is known as the centralized model.
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The centralized model can have some drawbacks. A centralized RCS requires that one is able to connect to the server whenever one wants to do version control work. This can be a bit of a problem if your server on some other machine on the internet and you are not. Or, worse yet, you ''are'' on the internet but the server is missing!
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Decentralized Revision Control Systems (which I'll call DRCS after this point) deal with this problem by keeping branches on the same machine as the client. In Bazaar-NG's case, the branch is kept in the same place as the code that is being version controlled. This allows the user to save his changes (**commit**) whenever he wants -- even if he is offline. The user only needs internet access when he wants to access the changes in someone else's branch that are somewhere else.
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Many Revision Control Systems (RCS) are stored on servers. If one wants to
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work on the code stored within an RCS, then one needs to connect to the
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server and "checkout" the code. Doing so gives one a directory in which a
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person can make changes and then commit. The RCS client then connects to
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the RCS server and stores the changes. This method is known as the
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The centralized model can have some drawbacks. A centralized RCS requires
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that one is able to connect to the server whenever one wants to do version
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control work. This can be a bit of a problem if your server on some other
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machine on the internet and you are not. Or, worse yet, you ''are'' on the
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internet but the server is missing!
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Decentralized Revision Control Systems (which I'll call DRCS after this
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point) deal with this problem by keeping branches on the same machine as
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the client. In Bazaar-NG's case, the branch is kept in the same place as
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the code that is being version controlled. This allows the user to save
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his changes (**commit**) whenever he wants -- even if he is offline. The
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user only needs internet access when he wants to access the changes in
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someone else's branch that are somewhere else.
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A common requirement that many people have is the need to keep track of the changes for a directory such as file and subdirectory changes. Performing this tracking by hand is a awkward process that over time becomes unwieldy. That is, until one considers version control tools such as Bazaar-NG. These tools automate the process of storing data by creating a **revision** of the directory tree whenever the user asks.
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Revision control software such as Bazaar-NG can do much more than just storage and performing undo. For example, with Bazaar-NG developer can take the modifications in one branch of software and apply them to another, related, branch -- even if those changes exist in a branch owned by somebody else. This allows developers to cooperate without giving write access to repository.
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Bazaar-NG remembers the ''ancestry'' of a revision: the previous revisions that it is based upon. A single revision may have more than one direct descendant, each with different changes, representing a divergence in the evolution of the tree. By branching, Bazaar-NG allows multiple people to cooperate on the evolution of a project, without all needing to work in strict lock-step. Branching can be useful even for a single developer.
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A common requirement that many people have is the need to keep track of
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the changes for a directory such as file and subdirectory changes.
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Performing this tracking by hand is a awkward process that over time
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becomes unwieldy. That is, until one considers version control tools such
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as Bazaar-NG. These tools automate the process of storing data by creating
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a **revision** of the directory tree whenever the user asks.
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Revision control software such as Bazaar-NG can do much more than just
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storage and performing undo. For example, with Bazaar-NG developer can
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take the modifications in one branch of software and apply them to
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another, related, branch -- even if those changes exist in a branch owned
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by somebody else. This allows developers to cooperate without giving write
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Bazaar-NG remembers the ''ancestry'' of a revision: the previous revisions
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that it is based upon. A single revision may have more than one direct
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descendant, each with different changes, representing a divergence in the
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evolution of the tree. By branching, Bazaar-NG allows multiple people to
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cooperate on the evolution of a project, without all needing to work in
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strict lock-step. Branching can be useful even for a single developer.
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Introducing yourself to Bazaar-NG
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=================================
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Bazaar-NG installs a single new command, **bzr**. Everything else is a subcommand of this. You can get some help with `bzr help`. There will be more in the future.
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Bazaar-NG installs a single new command, **bzr**. Everything else is a
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subcommand of this. You can get some help with `bzr help`. There will be
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One function of a version control system is to keep track of who changed what. In a decentralized system, that requires an identifier for each author that is globally unique. Most people already have one of these: an email address. Bzr is smart enough to automatically generate an email address by looking up your username and hostname. If you don't like the guess that Bazaar-NG makes, then three options exist:
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One function of a version control system is to keep track of who changed
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what. In a decentralized system, that requires an identifier for each
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author that is globally unique. Most people already have one of these: an
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email address. Bzr is smart enough to automatically generate an email
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address by looking up your username and hostname. If you don't like the
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guess that Bazaar-NG makes, then three options exist:
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1. (**Bazaar-NG 0.6 and later**). Setting the email address in the
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``~/.bazaar/bazaar.conf`` by adding the following lines. Please note that
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Committing changes
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==================
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When the working tree state is satisfactory, it can be **committed** to the branch, creating a new revision holding a snapshot of that state.
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When the working tree state is satisfactory, it can be **committed** to
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the branch, creating a new revision holding a snapshot of that state.
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The **commit** command takes a message describing the changes in the revision. It also records your userid, the current time and timezone, and the inventory and contents of the tree. The commit message is specified by the ''-m'' or ''--message'' option. You can enter a multi-line commit message; in most shells you can enter this just by leaving the quotes open at the end of the line.
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The **commit** command takes a message describing the changes in the
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revision. It also records your userid, the current time and timezone, and
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the inventory and contents of the tree. The commit message is specified
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by the ''-m'' or ''--message'' option. You can enter a multi-line commit
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message; in most shells you can enter this just by leaving the quotes open
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at the end of the line.
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% bzr commit -m "added my first file"
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You can also use the -F option to take the message from a file. Some people like to make notes for a commit message while they work, then review the diff to make sure they did what they said they did. (This file can also be useful when you pick up your work after a break.)
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You can also use the -F option to take the message from a file. Some
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people like to make notes for a commit message while they work, then
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review the diff to make sure they did what they said they did. (This file
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can also be useful when you pick up your work after a break.)
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Message from an editor
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======================
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If you use neither the `-m` nor the `-F` option then bzr will open an editor for you to enter a message. The editor to run is controlled by your `$EDITOR` environment variable or (Post Bazaar-NG 0.6) email setting in . If you quit the editor without making any changes, the commit will be cancelled.
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If you use neither the `-m` nor the `-F` option then bzr will open an
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editor for you to enter a message. The editor to run is controlled by
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your `$EDITOR` environment variable or (Post Bazaar-NG 0.6) email setting
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in . If you quit the editor without making any changes, the commit will
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Removing uncommitted changes
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============================
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If you've made some changes and don't want to keep them, use the **revert** command to go back to the previous head version. It's a good idea to use **bzr diff** first to see what will be removed. By default the revert command reverts the whole tree; if file or directory names are given then only those ones will be affected. **revert** also clears the list of pending merges revisions.
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If you've made some changes and don't want to keep them, use the
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**revert** command to go back to the previous head version. It's a good
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idea to use **bzr diff** first to see what will be removed. By default the
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revert command reverts the whole tree; if file or directory names are
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given then only those ones will be affected. **revert** also clears the
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list of pending merges revisions.
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Many source trees contain some files that do not need to be versioned, such as editor backups, object or bytecode files, and built programs. You can simply not add them, but then they'll always crop up as unknown files. You can also tell bzr to ignore these files by adding them to a file called ''.bzrignore'' at the top of the tree.
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Many source trees contain some files that do not need to be versioned,
311
such as editor backups, object or bytecode files, and built programs. You
312
can simply not add them, but then they'll always crop up as unknown files.
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You can also tell bzr to ignore these files by adding them to a file
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called ''.bzrignore'' at the top of the tree.
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This file contains a list of file wildcards (or "globs"), one per line. Typical contents are like this::
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This file contains a list of file wildcards (or "globs"), one per line.
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Typical contents are like this::
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If you remove the wrong file by accident, you can use **bzr revert** to restore it.
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If you remove the wrong file by accident, you can use **bzr revert** to
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Often rather than starting your own project, you will want to submit a change to an existing project. You can get a copy of an existing branch by copying its directory, expanding a tarball, or by a remote copy using something like rsync. You can also use bzr to fetch a copy. Because this new copy is potentially a new branch, the command is called *branch*::
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Often rather than starting your own project, you will want to submit a
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change to an existing project. You can get a copy of an existing branch
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by copying its directory, expanding a tarball, or by a remote copy using
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something like rsync. You can also use bzr to fetch a copy. Because this
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new copy is potentially a new branch, the command is called *branch*::
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% bzr branch http://bazaar-ng.org/bzr/bzr.dev
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This copies down the complete history of this branch, so we can do all operations on it locally: log, annotate, making and merging branches. There will be an option to get only part of the history if you wish.
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This copies down the complete history of this branch, so we can do all
433
operations on it locally: log, annotate, making and merging branches.
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There will be an option to get only part of the history if you wish.
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436
Following upstream changes
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==========================
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You can stay up-to-date with the parent branch by "pulling" in their changes::
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You can stay up-to-date with the parent branch by "pulling" in their
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After this change, the local directory will be a mirror of the source.
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After this change, the local directory will be a mirror of the source. This
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includes the ''revision-history'' - which is a list of the commits done in
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this branch, rather than merged from other branches.
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This command only works if your local (destination) branch includes only
317
changes from the parent branch and no commits of its own. Otherwise, the
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branches are said to have ''diverged'', and they must be merged instead.
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This command only works if your local (destination) branch is either an
449
older copy of the parent branch with no new commits of its own, or if the
450
most recent commit in your local branch has been merged into the parent
320
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Merging from related branches
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=============================
323
If two branches have diverged (both have unique changes) then **bzr merge** is the appropriate command to use. Merge will automatically calculate the changes that exist in the branch you're merging from that are not in your branch and attempt to apply them in your branch.
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If two branches have diverged (both have unique changes) then **bzr
457
merge** is the appropriate command to use. Merge will automatically
458
calculate the changes that exist in the branch you're merging from that
459
are not in your branch and attempt to apply them in your branch.
330
If there is a conflict during a merge, 3 files with the same basename are created. The filename of the common base is appended with .BASE, the filename of the file containing your changes is appended .THIS and the filename with the changes from the other tree is appended .OTHER.
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Using a program such as kdiff3, you can now comfortably merge them into one file. To commit you have to rename it to the original basename and delete the other two files. As long as there exist files with .BASE, .THIS or .OTHER the commit command will complain.
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If there is a conflict during a merge, 3 files with the same basename are
467
created. The filename of the common base is appended with .BASE, the
468
filename of the file containing your changes is appended .THIS and the
469
filename with the changes from the other tree is appended .OTHER.
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Using a program such as kdiff3, you can now comfortably merge them into
471
one file. To commit you have to rename it to the original basename and
472
delete the other two files. As long as there exist files with .BASE, .THIS
473
or .OTHER the commit command will complain.
333
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[**TODO**: explain conflict markers within files]
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Publishing your branch
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479
======================
338
You don't need a special server to publish a bzr branch, just a normal web server. Just mirror the files to your server, including the .bzr directory. One can push a branch (or the changes for a branch) by one of the following three methods:
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* Rsync: rsync -avrz LOCALBRANCH servername.com/this/directory/here
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* (Post 0.6): bzr push sftp://servername.com/this/directory/here (sftp://servername.com/this/directory/ must already exist)
342
* The push plugin that comes with BzrTools
481
You don't need a special server to publish a bzr branch, just a normal web
482
server. Just mirror the files to your server, including the .bzr
483
directory. One can push a branch (or the changes for a branch) by one of
484
the following three methods:
486
* Rsync: rsync -avrz LOCALBRANCH servername.com/this/directory/here
488
(or any other tool for publishing a directory to a web site.)
490
* bzr push sftp://servername.com/this/directory/here
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(The directory that must already exist)
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* The push plugin that comes with BzrTools