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Bazaar is a distributed version control system that makes it easier for
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people to work together on software projects.
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Over the next five minutes, you'll learn how to put your files under
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version control, how to record changes to them, examine your work, publish
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it and send your work for merger into a project's trunk.
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This guide doesn't describe how to install Bazaar but it's usually very
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easy. You can find installation instructions at:
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- **GNU/Linux:** Bazaar is probably in your GNU/Linux distribution already.
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- **Windows:** `installation instructions for Windows`_.
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- **Mac OS X:** `installation instructions for Mac OS X`_.
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For other platforms and to install from source code, see the Download_
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and Installation_ pages.
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.. _installation instructions for Windows: http://wiki.bazaar.canonical.com/WindowsDownloads
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.. _installation instructions for Mac OS X: http://wiki.bazaar.canonical.com/MacOSXBundle
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.. _Download: http://wiki.bazaar.canonical.com/Download
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.. _Installation: http://wiki.bazaar.canonical.com/InstallationFaq
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Bazaar records changes to source code, and it records who made the change.
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The person is identified by their name and email address. (If you're
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concerned about spam, you don't need to use a real address that you
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actually read, but the convention is that it looks like an email address.)
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Before you start working, let's tell Bazaar who you are. Using your name
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and email address, instead of John Doe's, type::
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$ bzr whoami "John Doe <john.doe@gmail.com>"
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You can check what identity is stored in Bazaar's configuration::
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John Doe <john.doe@gmail.com>
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Starting a new project
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======================
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Let's suppose we want to store a new project under Bazaar. First, we'll
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make a *repository directory* to hold all our work related to this
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project, where developers can create branches to test development of
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specific features or, more generally, modifications to the working file
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After creating the repository, change to that directory, and create the
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project's main trunk branch.
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$ bzr init-repo sample
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Shared repository with trees (format: 2a)
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shared repository: sample
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$ bzr init sample/trunk
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Created a repository tree (format: 2a)
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Using shared repository: /home/john/sample/
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Now that we have the trunk, we need to move to that directory and
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create some example files for the first version of that project. Create
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a file ``test1.txt`` using a text editor (like emacs, nano, or notepad),
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and save it. Then we'll "add" the file, which tells bzr we want it to
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and then commit, which saves a snapshot of all versioned files::
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bzr commit -m "Added first line of text"
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Making changes to your files
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============================
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Let's change a file and commit that change to your branch.
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Edit ``test1.txt`` in your favourite editor, then use ``bzr add`` to tell bzr
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to track changes to this file ::
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$ echo test test test > test1.txt
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`bzr diff` shows the changes between the last revision in this branch, and your
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current tree (or, with the ``-r`` option, between any two trees). ::
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=== modified file 'test1.txt'
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--- test1.txt 2007-10-08 17:56:14 +0000
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+++ test1.txt 2007-10-08 17:46:22 +0000
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Commit your work to the Bazaar branch::
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$ bzr commit -m "Added first line of text"
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Committing to: /home/john/sample/trunk/
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Committed revision 1.
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Viewing the revision log
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========================
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You can see the history of your branch by browsing its log::
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committer: John Doe <john.doe@gmail.com>
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timestamp: Mon 2006-10-08 17:46:22 +0000
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Publishing your branch on Launchpad
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===================================
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Launchpad is a suite of development and hosting tools for
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software projects. You can use it to publish your branch. (You can
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also publish branches onto your own server or other hosting services.)
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The steps to publishing branches on Launchpad are:
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1. Create a Launchpad account: visit the `Launchpad login page`_ and choose to create a new account.
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.. _Launchpad login page: https://launchpad.net/+login
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2. Bazaar uses the SSH encryption and authentication protocol to connect
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to Launchpad. You need to first `create an SSH key`_ on your own computer,
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by running the command::
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.. _create an SSH key: https://help.launchpad.net/YourAccount/CreatingAnSSHKeyPair
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3. `Upload your SSH public key to Launchpad`_.
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.. _Upload your SSH public key to Launchpad: https://launchpad.net/~/+editsshkeys
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4. `Make a team for your project`_. Even if you're starting as the only
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developer on this project, creating a new one now will let you more
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easily add other people later.
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.. _Make a team for your project: https://help.launchpad.net/Teams/CreatingAndRunning
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5. `Create a project`_.
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.. _Create a project: https://help.launchpad.net/Projects/Registering
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6. Tell Bazaar your Launchpad account name. If your account is john.doe, type ::
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$ bzr launchpad-login john.doe
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7. `Push the branch for your project`_. Once you've committed your changes
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locally, you can publish them as the trunk of your new project by saying
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$ bzr push lp:~sample-developers/sample/trunk
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(Of course, using the team and project names you just chose.)
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.. _Push the branch for your project: https://help.launchpad.net/Code/UploadingABranch
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Creating your own copy of another branch
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========================================
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To work with someone else's code, you can make your own copy of their
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branch. Let's take a real-world example, Bazaar's GTK interface::
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$ bzr init-repo ~/bzr-gtk
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$ bzr branch lp:~bzr/bzr-gtk/trunk ~/bzr-gtk/john
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Branched 292 revision(s).
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Bazaar will download all the files and complete revision history from the
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bzr-gtk project's trunk branch and create a copy called ``john``.
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Now, you have your own copy of the branch and can commit changes with
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or without a net connection. You can share your branch at any time by
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publishing it and, if the bzr-gtk team want to use your work, Bazaar
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makes it easy for them to merge your branch back into their trunk branch.
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Updating your branch from the main branch
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=========================================
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While you commit changes to your branch, it's likely that other people will
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also continue to commit code to the parent branch.
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To make sure your branch stays up to date, you should merge changes from
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the parent into your personal branch::
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Merging from saved parent location: http://bazaar.launchpad.net/~bzr/bzr-gtk/trunk
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All changes applied successfully.
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Check what has changed::
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If different branches have made changes to the same areas of the same
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files, then merging them may generate conflicts. When this happens,
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Bazaar puts text markers like ``<<<<<<<`` into the files, and records them
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in a list of conflicted files. You should edit the files to reflect the
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way you want to resolve the conflicts, use ``bzr diff`` to check the
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changes, and then ``bzr resolve`` to mark them as resolved.
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If you're happy with the changes, you can commit them to your personal
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$ bzr commit -m "Merge from main branch"
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Committed revision 295.
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You can find out more about Bazaar in the
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`Bazaar User Guide <../user-guide/index.html>`_.
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To learn about Bazaar on the command-line::
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To learn about the ''foo'' topic or command::
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Copyright 2007-2011 Canonical Ltd. Bazaar is free software, and you
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may use, modify and redistribute both Bazaar and this document under
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the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 or later. See
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<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.