7
While Bazaar is similar to other VCS tools in many ways, there are
8
some important differences that are not necessarily obvious at first
9
glance. This section attempts
10
to explain some of the things users need to know in order to "grok" Bazaar,
11
i.e. to deeply understand it.
13
Note: It isn't necessary to fully understand this section to use Bazaar.
14
You may wish to skim this section now and come back to it at a later time.
16
Understanding revision numbers
17
------------------------------
19
All revisions in the mainline of a branch have a simple increasing
20
integer. (First commit gets 1, 10th commit gets 10, etc.) This makes them
21
fairly natural to use when you want to say "grab the 10th revision from my
22
branch", or "fixed in revision 3050".
24
For revisions which have been merged into a branch, a dotted notation is used
25
(e.g., 3112.1.5). Dotted revision numbers have three numbers [#]_. The first
26
number indicates what mainline revision change is derived from. The second
27
number is the branch counter. There can be many branches derived from the
28
same revision, so they all get a unique number. The third number is the
29
number of revisions since the branch started. For example, 3112.1.5 is the
30
first branch from revision 3112, the fifth revision on that branch.
32
.. [#] Versions prior to bzr 1.2 used a slightly different algorithm.
33
Some nested branches would get extra numbers (such as 1.1.1.1.1)
34
rather than the simpler 3-number system.
36
Hierarchical history is good
37
----------------------------
39
Imagine a project with multiple developers contributing changes where
40
many changes consist of a series of commits. To give a concrete example,
41
consider the case where:
43
* The tip of the project's trunk is revision 100.
44
* Mary makes 3 changes to deliver feature X.
45
* Bill makes 4 changes to deliver feature Y.
47
If the developers are working in parallel and using a traditional
48
centralized VCS approach, the project history will most likely be linear
49
with Mary's changes and Bill's changes interleaved. It might look like this::
51
107: Add documentation for Y
52
106: Fix bug found in testing Y
53
105: Fix bug found in testing X
55
103: Add documentation for X
56
102: Add code and tests for X
60
Many teams use this approach because their tools make branching and merging
61
difficult. As a consequence, developers update from and commit to the trunk
62
frequently, minimizing integration pain by spreading it over every commit.
63
If you wish, you can use Bazaar exactly like this. Bazaar does offer other
64
ways though that you ought to consider.
66
An alternative approach encouraged by distributed VCS tools is to create
67
feature branches and to integrate those when they are ready. In this case,
68
Mary's feature branch would look like this::
70
103: Fix bug found in testing X
71
102: Add documentation for X
72
101: Add code and tests for X
75
And Bill's would look like this::
77
104: Add documentation for Y
78
103: Fix bug found in testing Y
83
If the features were independent and you wanted to keep linear history,
84
the changes could be pushed back into the trunk in batches. (Technically,
85
there are several ways of doing that but that's beyond the scope of
86
this discussion.) The resulting history might look like this::
88
107: Fix bug found in testing X
89
106: Add documentation for X
90
105: Add code and tests for X
91
104: Add documentation for Y
92
103: Fix bug found in testing Y
97
While this takes a bit more effort to achieve, it has some advantages over
98
having revisions randomly intermixed. Better still though, branches can
99
be merged together forming a non-linear history. The result might look
103
100.2.3: Fix bug found in testing X
104
100.2.2: Add documentation for X
105
100.2.1: Add code and tests for X
107
100.1.4: Add documentation for Y
108
100.1.3: Fix bug found in testing Y
109
100.1.2: Add code for Y
110
100.1.1: Add tests for Y
113
Or more likely this::
117
100.2.2: Add documentation
118
100.2.1: Add code and tests
120
100.1.4: Add documentation
121
100.1.3: Fix bug found in testing
126
This is considered good for many reasons:
128
* It makes it easier to understand the history of a project.
129
Related changes are clustered together and clearly partitioned.
131
* You can easily collapse history to see just the commits on the mainline
132
of a branch. When viewing the trunk history like this, you only see
133
high level commits (instead of a large number of commits uninteresting
136
* If required, it makes backing out a feature much easier.
138
* Continuous integration tools can be used to ensure that
139
all tests still pass before committing a merge to the mainline.
140
(In many cases, it isn't appropriate to trigger CI tools after
141
every single commit as some tests will fail during development.
142
In fact, adding the tests first - TDD style - will guarantee it!)
144
In summary, the important points are:
146
*Organize your work using branches.*
148
*Integrate changes using merge.*
150
*Ordered revision numbers and hierarchy make history easier to follow.*
153
Each branch has its own view of history
154
---------------------------------------
156
As explained above, Bazaar makes the distinction between:
158
* mainline revisions, i.e. ones you committed in your branch, and
160
* merged revisions, i.e. ones added as ancestors by committing a merge.
162
Each branch effectively has its own view of history, i.e. different
163
branches can give the same revision a different "local" revision number.
164
Mainline revisions always get allocated single number revision numbers
165
while merged revisions always get allocated dotted revision numbers.
167
To extend the example above, here's what the revision history of
168
Mary's branch would look like had she decided to merge the project
169
trunk into her branch after completing her changes::
172
100.2.1: Merge feature Y
173
100.1.4: Add documentation
174
100.1.3: Fix bug found in testing
177
103: Fix bug found in testing X
178
102: Add documentation for X
179
101: Add code and tests for X
182
Once again, it's easy for Mary to look at just *her* top level of history
183
to see the steps she has taken to develop this change. In this context,
184
merging the trunk (and resolving any conflicts caused by doing that) is
185
just one step as far as the history of this branch is concerned.
187
It's important to remember that Bazaar is not changing history here, nor
188
is it changing the global revision identifiers. You can always use the
189
latter if you really want to. In fact, you can use the branch specific
190
revision numbers when communicating *as long as* you provide the branch
191
URL as context. (In many Bazaar projects, developers imply the central
192
trunk branch if they exchange a revision number without a branch URL.)
194
Merges do not change revision numbers in a branch, though they do
195
allocate local revision numbers to newly merged revisions. The only time
196
Bazaar will change revision numbers in a branch is when you explicitly
197
ask it to mirror another branch.
199
Note: Revisions are numbered in a stable way: if two branches have
200
the same revision in their mainline, all revisions in the ancestry of that
201
revision will have the same revision numbers. For example, if Alice and Bob's
202
branches agree on revision 10, they will agree on all revisions before
208
In general, if you follow the advice given earlier - organise
209
your work in branches and use merge to collaborate - you'll find Bazaar
210
generally does what you expect.
212
In coming chapters, we examine various ways of using Bazaar beginning with
213
the simplest: using Bazaar for personal projects.