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This document describes a possible workflow for using Bazaar_. That of
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using Bazaar_, the distributed version control system, in a centralized
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manner. Bazaar_ is designed to be very flexible and allows several
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different workflows, from fully decentralized to mostly centralized. The
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workflow used here is meant to ease a new user into more advanced usage of
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Bazaar_, and allow them to work in a mix of centralized and decentralized
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In general, this document is meant for users coming from a background of
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centralized version control systems such as CVS or subversion. It is
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common in work settings to have a single central server hosting the
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codebase, with several people working on this codebase, keeping their work
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in sync. This workflow is also applicable to a single developer working
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on several different machines.
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.. _Bazaar: http://bazaar-vcs.org
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These are some reasonably simple steps to setup Bazaar_ so that it works
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Your user identity is stored with each commit. While this doesn't have to
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be accurate or unique, it will be used in log messages and
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annotations, so it is better to have something real.
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% bzr whoami "John Doe <jdoe@organization.com>"
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Setting up a local Repository
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-----------------------------
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Bazaar_ branches generally copy the history information around with them,
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which is part of how you can work in a fully decentralized manner. As an
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optimization, it is possible for related branches to combine their storage
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needs so that you do not need to copy around all of this history
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information whenever you create a new branch.
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The best way to do this is to create a `Shared Repository`_. In
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general, branches will share their storage if they exist in a
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subdirectory of a `Shared Repository`_. So let's set up a `Shared
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Repository`_ in our home directory, thus all branches we create
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underneath will share their history storage.
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% bzr init-repo --trees ~
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Setting up a remote Repository
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---------------------------------
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Many times you want a location where data is stored separately from where
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you do your work. This workflow is required by centralized systems
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(CVS/SVN). Usually they are on separate machines, but not always. This is
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actually a pretty good setup, especially in a work environment. Since it
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ensures a central location where data can be backed up, and means that if
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something happens to a developer's machine, no committed work has to be
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So let's set up a shared location for our project on a remote machine
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called ``centralhost``. Again, we will use a
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`Shared Repository`_ to optimize disk usage.
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% bzr init-repo --no-trees sftp://centralhost/srv/bzr/
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You can think of this step as similar to setting up a new cvsroot, or
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subversion repository. The {{{--no-trees}}} option tells bzr to not
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populate the directory with a working tree. This is appropriate,
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since no one will be making changes directly in the branches within
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the central repository.
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Migrating an existing project to Bazaar
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=======================================
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Now that we have a repository, let's create a versioned project. Most of
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the time, you will already have some code that you are working with,
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that you now want to version using Bazaar_. If the code was originally
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in source control, there are many ways to convert the project to Bazaar_
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without losing any history. However, this is outside the scope of this
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document. See `Tracking Upstream`_ for some possibilities (section
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"Converting and keeping history").
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.. _Tracking Upstream: http://bazaar-vcs.org/TrackingUpstream
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XXX: We really need a different document for discussing conversion of a
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project. Right now TrackingUpstream is the best we have, though.
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Developer 1: Creating the first revision
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----------------------------------------
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So first, we want to create a branch in our remote Repository, where we
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want to host the project. Let's assume we have a project named
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"sigil" that we want to put under version control.
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% bzr init sftp://centralhost/srv/bzr/sigil
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This can be thought of as the "HEAD" branch in CVS terms, or as the "trunk"
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in Subversion terms. We will call this the ``dev`` branch.
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I prefer working in a subdirectory of my home directory to avoid collisions with all
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the other files that end up there. Also, we will want a project
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directory where we can hold all of the different branches we end up
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% bzr checkout sftp://centralhost/srv/bzr/sigil dev
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% bzr commit -m "Initial import of Sigil"
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In the previous section, we created an empty branch (the ``/sigil``
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branch) on ``centralhost``, and then checkout out this empty branch
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onto our workstation to add files from our existing project. There
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are many ways to set up your working directory, but the steps above
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make it easy to handle working with feature/bugfix branches. And one
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of the strong points of Bazaar_ is how well it works with branches.
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At this point, because you have a 'checkout' of the remote branch, any
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commits you make in ``~/work/sigil/dev/`` will automatically be saved
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both locally, and on ``centralhost``.
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Developer N: Getting a working copy of the project
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--------------------------------------------------
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Since the first developer did all of the work of creating the project,
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all other developers would just checkout that branch. **They should
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still follow** `Setting User Email`_ and `Setting up a local Repository`_.
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To get a copy of the current development tree::
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% bzr checkout sftp://centralhost/srv/bzr/sigil dev
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Now that two people both have a checkout of
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``sftp://centralhost/srv/bzr/sigil``, there will be times when one of
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the checkouts will be out of date with the current version.
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At commit time, Bazaar_ will inform the user of this and prevent them from
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committing. To get up to date, use ``bzr update`` to update the
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tree with the remote changes. This may require resolving conflicts if the
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same files have been modified.
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Developing on separate branches
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===============================
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So far everyone is working and committing their changes into the same
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branch. This means that everyone needs to update fairly regularly and
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deal with other people's changes. Also, if one person commits something
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that breaks the codebase, then upon syncing, everyone will get the
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Usually, it is better to do development on different branches, and then
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integrate those back into the main branch, once they are stable. This is
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one of the biggest changes from working with CVS/SVN. They both allow you
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to work on separate branches, but their merging algorithms are fairly
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weak, so it is difficult to keep things synchronized. Bazaar_ tracks
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what has already been merged, and can even apply changes to files that
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Creating and working on a new branch
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------------------------------------
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We want to keep our changes available for other people, even if they
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aren't quite complete yet. So we will create a new public branch on
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``centralhost``, and track it locally.
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% bzr branch sftp://centralhost/srv/bzr/sigil \
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sftp://centralhost/srv/bzr/sigil/doodle-fixes
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% bzr checkout sftp://centralhost/srv/bzr/sigil/doodle-fixes doodle-fixes
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We now have a place to make any fixes we need to ``doodle``. And we would
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not interrupt people who are working on other parts of the code. Because
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we have a checkout, any commits made in the ``~/work/sigil/doodle-fixes/``
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will also show up on ``centralhost``. [#nestedbranches]_ It is also
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possible to have two developers collaborate on one of these branches, just
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like they would have collaborated on the ``dev`` branch. [#cbranch]_
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.. [#nestedbranches] It may look odd to have a branch in a subdirectory of
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another branch. This is just fine, and you can think of it as a
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hierarchical namespace where the nested branch is derived from the
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.. [#cbranch] When using lots of independent branches, having to retype
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the full URL all the time takes a lot of typing. We are looking into
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various methods to help with this, such as branch aliases, etc. For
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now, though, the bzrtools_ plugin provides the ``bzr cbranch`` command.
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Which is designed to take a base branch, create a new public branch,
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and create a checkout of that branch, all with much less typing.
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Configuring ``cbranch`` is outside the scope of this document, but the
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final commands are similar to:
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% bzr cbranch dev my-feature-branch
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.. _bzrtools: http://bazaar-vcs.org/BzrTools
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When it is decided that some of the changes in ``doodle-fixes`` are ready
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to be merged into the main branch, simply do::
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% cd ~/work/sigil/dev
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% bzr merge ../doodle-fixes
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Now the changes are available in the ``dev`` branch, but they have not
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been committed yet. This is the time when you want to review the final
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changes, and double check the code to make sure it compiles cleanly and
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passes the test suite. The commands ``bzr status`` and ``bzr diff`` are
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good tools to use here. Also, this is the time to resolve any conflicts.
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Bazaar_ will prevent you from committing until you have resolved these
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conflicts. That way you don't accidentally commit the conflict markers.
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The command ``bzr status`` will show the conflicts along with the other
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changes, or you can use ``bzr conflicts`` to just list conflicts. Use
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``bzr resolve file/name`` or ``bzr resolve --all`` once conflicts have
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been handled. [#resolve]_ If you have a conflict that is particularly
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difficult to solve you may want to use the ``bzr remerge`` command. It
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will let you try different merge algorithms, as well as let you see the
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original source lines (``--show-base``).
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.. [#resolve] Some systems make you resolve conflicts as part of the merge
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process. We have found that it is usually easier to resolve conflicts
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when you have the view of the entire tree, rather than just a single
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file. It gives you much more context, and also lets you run tests as
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you resolve the problems.
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Recommended Branching
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---------------------
275
One very common way to handle all of these branches is to give each
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developer their own branch, and their own place to work in the central
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location. This can be done with::
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% bzr branch sftp://centralhost/srv/bzr/sigil \
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sftp://centralhost/srv/bzr/sigil/user-a
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% bzr branch sftp://centralhost/srv/bzr/sigil \
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sftp://centralhost/srv/bzr/sigil/user-b
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This gives each developer their own branch to work on. And, they can
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easily create a new feature branch for themselves with just [#cbranch]_
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% bzr branch sftp://centralhost/srv/bzr/sigil/user-a \
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sftp://centralhost/srv/bzr/sigil/user-a/feature
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% bzr checkout sftp://centralhost/srv/bzr/sigil/user-a/feature myfeature
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Bazaar_ has the concept of a "Shared Repository". This is similar to
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the traditional concept of a repository in other RCSs like CVS and
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Subversion. For example, in Subversion you have a remote repository,
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which is where all of the history is stored, and locally you don't
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have any history information, only a checkout of the working tree
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files. Note that "Shared" in this context means shared between
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branches. It *may* be shared between people, but standalone branches
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can also be shared between people.
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In Bazaar_ terms, a "Shared Repository" is a location where multiple
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branches can **share** their revision history information. In order to
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support decentralized workflows, it is possible for every branch to
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store its own revision history information. But this is often
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inefficient, since related branches share history, and they might as
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well share the storage as well.
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