5
current for bzr 0.0.6pre, July 2005
8
*NOTE* For a more current and user-editable version of this
9
document, see the wiki at http://bazaar.canonical.com/IntroductionToBzr
15
Bazaar-NG is a version control tool. It manages trees of files and subdirectories. In particular, it records *revisions* of trees, representing their state at a particular point in time, and information about those revisions and their relationships. Recording and retrieving tree revisions is useful in several ways if you are writing software or documents or doing similar creative work.
17
* Keeping previous revisions lets you go back if you make a mistake or want to check your work. It acts as a high-level unlimited undo.
19
* By recording comments on every revision, you produce an annotated history of the project, describing what, who, why, and when.
21
* Using a version control tool can be an aid to thinking about a project: getting to a stable state at regular intervals and then writing a description of what you did is an easy way to stay organized and on track.
23
Bazaar-NG remembers the *ancestry* of a revision: the previous revisions that it is based upon. A single revision may have more than one direct descendant, each with different changes, representing a divergence in the evolution of the tree.
24
By branching, Bazaar-NG allows multiple people to cooperate on the evolution of a project, without all needing to work in strict
25
lock-step. Branching can be useful even for a single developer.
27
Bazaar-NG installs a single new command,
28
*bzr*. Everything else is a subcommand of this. You can get
29
some help with ``bzr help``. There will be more in the future.
33
Introducing yourself to bzr
34
===========================
36
One function of a version control system is to keep track of who
37
changed what. In a distributed system that requires an identifier for
38
each author that is globally unique. Most people already have one of
39
these: an email address.
41
[after 0.0.4] To tell bzr which email address to use, put it in the file
42
``$HOME/.bzr.conf/email``, or the environment variable ``$BZREMAIL``.
43
If neither of these are set, bzr will use the ``$EMAIL``
44
variable, or use your username and hostname.
46
To check this has taken effect, or if you forget your own name, use
47
the ``whoami`` ("who am i?") command::
51
Some people want to avoid sharing their email address so as not to
52
get spam. bzr will never
53
disclose your email address unless you tell it to by publishing an
54
archive or transmitting a changeset. It's recommended that you do use
55
a real address, so that people can contact you about your work, but
56
it's not required. You can use an address which is obfuscated, which
57
bounces, or which goes through an anti-spam service such as spamgourmet.com.
65
History is by default stored in the .bzr directory of the branch.
66
There will be a facility to store it in a separate repository, which
67
may be remote. We create a new branch by running *bzr init* in
68
an existing directory::
76
/home/mbp/work/bzr.test/tutorial
83
As for CVS, there are three classes of file: unknown, ignored, and
84
versioned. The *add* command makes a file versioned: that is,
85
changes to it will be recorded by the system::
87
% echo 'hello world' > hello.txt
92
% bzr add -v hello.txt
97
If you add the wrong file, simply use ``bzr remove`` to make
98
it unversioned again. This does not delete the working copy.
104
Once you have completed some work, you will want to *commit*
105
it to the version history. It is good to commit fairly often:
106
whenever you get a new feature working, fix a bug, or improve some
107
code or documentation. It's also a good practice to make sure that
108
the code compiles and passes its test suite before committing, to make
109
sure that every revision is a known-good state. You can also review
110
your changes, to make sure you're committing what you intend to, and
111
as a chance to rethink your work before you permanently record it.
113
Two bzr commands are particularly useful here: *status* and
114
*diff*. The *status* command
115
shows a listing with one line per file, indicating whether it has been
116
Added, Deleted, Modified, or Renamed in the current revision. Unknown
117
files are shown as '?'. With the ``--all`` option, the status
118
command also shows unmodified versioned files as '.', and ignored
124
The *diff* command shows the full text of changes to all
125
files as a standard unified diff. This can be piped through many
126
programs such as ``patch``, ``diffstat``,
127
``filterdiff`` and ``colordiff``::
130
*** added file 'hello.txt'
136
With the ``-r`` option, the tree is compared to an earlier
139
[TODO: options to run external diff; to get context diff or other
140
formats; to diff only selected files; to compare two historical
148
When the working tree state is satisfactory, it can be
149
*committed* to the branch, creating a new revision holding a
150
snapshot of that state.
152
The ``commit`` command takes a message describing the changes
153
in the revision. It also records your userid, the current time and
154
timezone, and the inventory and contents of the tree. The commit
155
message is specified by the ``-m`` or ``--message`` option.
156
You can enter a multi-line commit message; in most shells you can
157
enter this just by leaving the quotes open at the end of the line. ::
159
% bzr commit -m "added my first file"
161
[TODO: commit message interactively, through an editor or from a
164
[TODO: commit only selected files, including renamed/added/deleted
169
Removing uncommitted changes
170
============================
172
If you've made some changes and don't want to keep them, use the
173
``revert`` command to go back to the previous head version. It's a
174
good idea to use ``bzr diff`` first to see what will be removed.
175
By default the revert command reverts the whole tree; if file or
176
directory names are given then only those ones will be affected.
177
revert also clears the list of pending merges revisions.
186
Many source trees contain some files that do not need to be
187
versioned, such as editor backups, object or bytecode files, and built
188
programs. You can simply not add them, but then they'll always crop
189
up as unknown files. You can also tell bzr to ignore these files by
190
adding them to a file called ``.bzrignore`` at the top of the
193
This file contains a list of file wildcards (or "globs"), one
194
per line. Typical contents are like this::
201
If a glob contains a slash, it is matched against the whole path
202
from the top of the tree; otherwise it is matched against only the
203
filename. So the previous example ignores ``*.o`` in all
204
subdirectories, but this example ignores only config.h at the top
205
level and HTML files in ``doc/``::
210
To get a list of which files are ignored and what pattern they matched, use ``bzr ignored``::
216
It is OK to have an ignore pattern match a versioned file, or to
217
add an ignored file. Ignore patterns have no effect on versioned
218
files; they only determine whether unversioned files are reported as
221
The ``.bzrignore`` file should normally be versioned, so that new
222
copies of the branch see the same patterns::
225
% bzr commit -m "Add ignore patterns"
234
The ``log`` command shows a list of previous revisions.
240
The ``bzr info`` command shows some summary information about
241
the working tree and the branch history.
244
Versioning directories
245
======================
247
bzr versions files and directories in a way that can keep track of
248
renames and intelligently merge them::
251
% echo 'int main() {}' > src/simple.c
256
% bzr add src/simple.c
262
Deleting and removing files
263
===========================
265
You can delete files or directories by just deleting them from the
266
working directory. This is a bit different to CVS, which requires
267
that you also do *cvs remove*.
269
*bzr remove* makes the file un-versioned, but does not
270
delete the working copy. This is useful when you add the wrong file,
271
or decide that a file should actually not be versioned. ::
274
% bzr remove -v hello.txt
285
Often rather than starting your own project, you will want to
286
submit a change to an existing project. You can get a copy of an
287
existing branch by copying its directory, expanding a tarball, or by a
288
remote copy using something like rsync. You can also use bzr to fetch
289
a copy. Because this new copy is potentially a new branch, the
290
command is called *branch*::
292
% bzr branch http://bazaar-ng.org/bzr/bzr.dev
295
This copies down the complete history of this branch, so we can
296
do all operations on it locally: log, annotate, making and merging
297
branches. There will be an option to get only part of the history if
302
Following upstream changes
303
==========================
305
You can stay up-to-date with the parent branch by *pulling*
310
This only works if your local branch includes only changes from the
311
parent branch. Otherwise, the branches are said to have *diverged*,
312
and they must be merged instead.