83
78
There are some common requirements in the library: some parameters need to be
84
79
unicode safe, some need byte strings, and so on. At the moment we have
85
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only codified one specific pattern: Parameters that need to be unicode
86
should be check via 'bzrlib.osutils.safe_unicode'. This will coerce the
81
should be checked via ``bzrlib.osutils.safe_unicode``. This will coerce the
87
82
input into unicode in a consistent fashion, allowing trivial strings to be
88
83
used for programmer convenience, but not performing unpredictably in the
89
84
presence of different locales.
90
The copyright policy for bzr was recently made clear in this email (edited
91
for grammatical correctness)::
93
The attached patch cleans up the copyright and license statements in
94
the bzr source. It also adds tests to help us remember to add them
95
with the correct text.
97
We had the problem that lots of our files were "Copyright Canonical
98
Development Ltd" which is not a real company, and some other variations
99
on this theme. Also, some files were missing the GPL statements.
101
I want to be clear about the intent of this patch, since copyright can
102
be a little controversial.
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1) The big motivation for this is not to shut out the community, but
105
just to clean up all of the invalid copyright statements.
107
2) It has been the general policy for bzr that we want a single
108
copyright holder for all of the core code. This is following the model
109
set by the FSF, which makes it easier to update the code to a new
110
license in case problems are encountered. (For example, if we want to
111
upgrade the project universally to GPL v3 it is much simpler if there is
112
a single copyright holder). It also makes it clearer if copyright is
113
ever debated, there is a single holder, which makes it easier to defend
114
in court, etc. (I think the FSF position is that if you assign them
115
copyright, they can defend it in court rather than you needing to, and
116
I'm sure Canonical would do the same).
117
As such, Canonical has requested copyright assignments from all of the
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3) If someone wants to add code and not attribute it to Canonical, there
121
is a specific list of files that are excluded from this check. And the
122
test failure indicates where that is, and how to update it.
124
4) If anyone feels that I changed a copyright statement incorrectly, just
125
let me know, and I'll be happy to correct it. Whenever you have large
126
mechanical changes like this, it is possible to make some mistakes.
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Just to reiterate, this is a community project, and it is meant to stay
129
that way. Core bzr code is copyright Canonical for legal reasons, and
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the tests are just there to help us maintain that.
199
244
may not catch every case but it's still useful sometimes.
250
In some places we have variables which point to callables that construct
251
new instances. That is to say, they can be used a lot like class objects,
252
but they shouldn't be *named* like classes:
254
> I think that things named FooBar should create instances of FooBar when
255
> called. Its plain confusing for them to do otherwise. When we have
256
> something that is going to be used as a class - that is, checked for via
257
> isinstance or other such idioms, them I would call it foo_class, so that
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> it is clear that a callable is not sufficient. If it is only used as a
259
> factory, then yes, foo_factory is what I would use.
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Several places in Bazaar use (or will use) a registry, which is a
266
mapping from names to objects or classes. The registry allows for
267
loading in registered code only when it's needed, and keeping
268
associated information such as a help string or description.
274
To make startup time faster, we use the ``bzrlib.lazy_import`` module to
275
delay importing modules until they are actually used. ``lazy_import`` uses
276
the same syntax as regular python imports. So to import a few modules in a
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from bzrlib.lazy_import import lazy_import
280
lazy_import(globals(), """
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revision as _mod_revision,
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import bzrlib.transport
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At this point, all of these exist as a ``ImportReplacer`` object, ready to
296
be imported once a member is accessed. Also, when importing a module into
297
the local namespace, which is likely to clash with variable names, it is
298
recommended to prefix it as ``_mod_<module>``. This makes it clean that
299
the variable is a module, and these object should be hidden anyway, since
300
they shouldn't be imported into other namespaces.
303
Modules versus Members
304
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
306
While it is possible for ``lazy_import()`` to import members of a module
307
when using the ``from module import member`` syntax, it is recommended to
308
only use that syntax to load sub modules ``from module import submodule``.
309
This is because variables and classes can frequently be used without
310
needing a sub-member for example::
312
lazy_import(globals(), """
313
from module import MyClass
317
return isinstance(x, MyClass)
319
This will incorrectly fail, because ``MyClass`` is a ``ImportReplacer``
320
object, rather than the real class.
323
Passing to other variables
324
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
326
It also is incorrect to assign ``ImportReplacer`` objects to other variables.
327
Because the replacer only knows about the original name, it is unable to
328
replace other variables. The ``ImportReplacer`` class will raise an
329
``IllegalUseOfScopeReplacer`` exception if it can figure out that this
330
happened. But it requires accessing a member more than once from the new
331
variable, so some bugs are not detected right away.
241
In general tests should be placed in a file named testFOO.py where
374
In general tests should be placed in a file named test_FOO.py where
242
375
FOO is the logical thing under test. That file should be placed in the
243
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tests subdirectory under the package being tested.
245
For example, tests for merge3 in bzrlib belong in bzrlib/tests/testmerge3.py.
246
See bzrlib/selftest/testsampler.py for a template test script.
378
For example, tests for merge3 in bzrlib belong in bzrlib/tests/test_merge3.py.
379
See bzrlib/selftest/test_sampler.py for a template test script.
381
Tests can be written for the UI or for individual areas of the library.
382
Choose whichever is appropriate: if adding a new command, or a new command
383
option, then you should be writing a UI test. If you are both adding UI
384
functionality and library functionality, you will want to write tests for
385
both the UI and the core behaviours. We call UI tests 'blackbox' tests
386
and they are found in ``bzrlib/tests/blackbox/*.py``.
388
When writing blackbox tests please honour the following conventions:
390
1. Place the tests for the command 'name' in
391
bzrlib/tests/blackbox/test_name.py. This makes it easy for developers
392
to locate the test script for a faulty command.
394
2. Use the 'self.run_bzr("name")' utility function to invoke the command
395
rather than running bzr in a subprocess or invoking the
396
cmd_object.run() method directly. This is a lot faster than
397
subprocesses and generates the same logging output as running it in a
398
subprocess (which invoking the method directly does not).
400
3. Only test the one command in a single test script. Use the bzrlib
401
library when setting up tests and when evaluating the side-effects of
402
the command. We do this so that the library api has continual pressure
403
on it to be as functional as the command line in a simple manner, and
404
to isolate knock-on effects throughout the blackbox test suite when a
405
command changes its name or signature. Ideally only the tests for a
406
given command are affected when a given command is changed.
408
4. If you have a test which does actually require running bzr in a
409
subprocess you can use ``run_bzr_subprocess``. By default the spawned
410
process will not load plugins unless ``--allow-plugins`` is supplied.
416
We make selective use of doctests__. In general they should provide
417
*examples* within the API documentation which can incidentally be tested. We
418
don't try to test every important case using doctests -- regular Python
419
tests are generally a better solution.
421
Most of these are in ``bzrlib/doc/api``. More additions are welcome.
423
__ http://docs.python.org/lib/module-doctest.html
251
428
Currently, bzr selftest is used to invoke tests.
252
429
You can provide a pattern argument to run a subset. For example,
253
to run just the whitebox tests, run::
255
bzr selftest -v whitebox
430
to run just the blackbox tests, run::
432
./bzr selftest -v blackbox
434
To skip a particular test (or set of tests), you need to use a negative
437
./bzr selftest '^(?!.*blackbox)'
258
440
Errors and exceptions
259
441
=====================
261
Errors are handled through Python exceptions. They can represent user
262
errors, environmental errors or program bugs. Sometimes we can't be sure
263
at the time it's raised which case applies. See bzrlib/errors.py for
264
details on the error-handling practices.
443
Errors are handled through Python exceptions.
445
We broadly classify errors as either being either internal or not,
446
depending on whether ``user_error`` is set or not. If we think it's our
447
fault, we show a backtrace, an invitation to report the bug, and possibly
448
other details. This is the default for errors that aren't specifically
449
recognized as being caused by a user error. Otherwise we show a briefer
450
message, unless -Derror was given.
452
Many errors originate as "environmental errors" which are raised by Python
453
or builtin libraries -- for example IOError. These are treated as being
454
our fault, unless they're caught in a particular tight scope where we know
455
that they indicate a user errors. For example if the repository format
456
is not found, the user probably gave the wrong path or URL. But if one of
457
the files inside the repository is not found, then it's our fault --
458
either there's a bug in bzr, or something complicated has gone wrong in
459
the environment that means one internal file was deleted.
461
Many errors are defined in ``bzrlib/errors.py`` but it's OK for new errors
462
to be added near the place where they are used.
464
Exceptions are formatted for the user by conversion to a string
465
(eventually calling their ``__str__`` method.) As a convenience the
466
``._fmt`` member can be used as a template which will be mapped to the
467
error's instance dict.
469
New exception classes should be defined when callers might want to catch
470
that exception specifically, or when it needs a substantially different
473
Exception strings should start with a capital letter and should not have a
474
final fullstop. If long, they may contain newlines to break the text.
273
484
indexes into the branch's revision history.
490
The ``Transport`` layer handles access to local or remote directories.
491
Each Transport object acts like a logical connection to a particular
492
directory, and it allows various operations on files within it. You can
493
*clone* a transport to get a new Transport connected to a subdirectory or
496
Transports are not used for access to the working tree. At present
497
working trees are always local and they are accessed through the regular
498
Python file io mechanisms.
503
Transports work in URLs. Take note that URLs are by definition only
504
ASCII - the decision of how to encode a Unicode string into a URL must be
505
taken at a higher level, typically in the Store. (Note that Stores also
506
escape filenames which cannot be safely stored on all filesystems, but
507
this is a different level.)
509
The main reason for this is that it's not possible to safely roundtrip a
510
URL into Unicode and then back into the same URL. The URL standard
511
gives a way to represent non-ASCII bytes in ASCII (as %-escapes), but
512
doesn't say how those bytes represent non-ASCII characters. (They're not
513
guaranteed to be UTF-8 -- that is common but doesn't happen everywhere.)
515
For example if the user enters the url ``http://example/%e0`` there's no
516
way to tell whether that character represents "latin small letter a with
517
grave" in iso-8859-1, or "latin small letter r with acute" in iso-8859-2
518
or malformed UTF-8. So we can't convert their URL to Unicode reliably.
520
Equally problematic if we're given a url-like string containing non-ascii
521
characters (such as the accented a) we can't be sure how to convert that
522
to the correct URL, because we don't know what encoding the server expects
523
for those characters. (Although this is not totally reliable we might still
524
accept these and assume they should be put into UTF-8.)
526
A similar edge case is that the url ``http://foo/sweet%2Fsour`` contains
527
one directory component whose name is "sweet/sour". The escaped slash is
528
not a directory separator. If we try to convert URLs to regular Unicode
529
paths this information will be lost.
531
This implies that Transports must natively deal with URLs; for simplicity
532
they *only* deal with URLs and conversion of other strings to URLs is done
533
elsewhere. Information they return, such as from ``list_dir``, is also in
534
the form of URL components.
537
Unicode and Encoding Support
538
============================
540
This section discusses various techniques that Bazaar uses to handle
541
characters that are outside the ASCII set.
546
When a ``Command`` object is created, it is given a member variable
547
accessible by ``self.outf``. This is a file-like object, which is bound to
548
``sys.stdout``, and should be used to write information to the screen,
549
rather than directly writing to ``sys.stdout`` or calling ``print``.
550
This file has the ability to translate Unicode objects into the correct
551
representation, based on the console encoding. Also, the class attribute
552
``encoding_type`` will effect how unprintable characters will be
553
handled. This parameter can take one of 3 values:
556
Unprintable characters will be represented with a suitable replacement
557
marker (typically '?'), and no exception will be raised. This is for
558
any command which generates text for the user to review, rather than
559
for automated processing.
560
For example: ``bzr log`` should not fail if one of the entries has text
561
that cannot be displayed.
564
Attempting to print an unprintable character will cause a UnicodeError.
565
This is for commands that are intended more as scripting support, rather
566
than plain user review.
567
For exampl: ``bzr ls`` is designed to be used with shell scripting. One
568
use would be ``bzr ls --null --unknows | xargs -0 rm``. If ``bzr``
569
printed a filename with a '?', the wrong file could be deleted. (At the
570
very least, the correct file would not be deleted). An error is used to
571
indicate that the requested action could not be performed.
574
Do not attempt to automatically convert Unicode strings. This is used
575
for commands that must handle conversion themselves.
576
For example: ``bzr diff`` needs to translate Unicode paths, but should
577
not change the exact text of the contents of the files.
580
``bzrlib.urlutils.unescape_for_display``
581
----------------------------------------
583
Because Transports work in URLs (as defined earlier), printing the raw URL
584
to the user is usually less than optimal. Characters outside the standard
585
set are printed as escapes, rather than the real character, and local
586
paths would be printed as ``file://`` urls. The function
587
``unescape_for_display`` attempts to unescape a URL, such that anything
588
that cannot be printed in the current encoding stays an escaped URL, but
589
valid characters are generated where possible.
276
592
Merge/review process
277
593
====================
279
595
If you'd like to propose a change, please post to the
280
bazaar-ng@lists.canonical.com list with a patch, bzr changeset, or link to a
596
bazaar@lists.canonical.com list with a patch, bzr changeset, or link to a
281
597
branch. Please put '[patch]' in the subject so we can pick them out, and
282
598
include some text explaining the change. Remember to put an update to the NEWS
283
599
file in your diff, if it makes any changes visible to users or plugin
added
removed
HACKING
