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# Bazaar-NG -- distributed version control
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# Copyright (C) 2005 by Canonical Ltd
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# Copyright (C) 2005, 2006 Canonical Ltd
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# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
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# (at your option) any later version.
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# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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# GNU General Public License for more details.
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# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
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# Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
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import os, types, re, time, errno, sys
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from stat import S_ISREG, S_ISDIR, S_ISLNK, ST_MODE, ST_SIZE
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from bzrlib.errors import BzrError
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from cStringIO import StringIO
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from stat import (S_ISREG, S_ISDIR, S_ISLNK, ST_MODE, ST_SIZE,
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S_ISCHR, S_ISBLK, S_ISFIFO, S_ISSOCK)
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from bzrlib.lazy_import import lazy_import
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lazy_import(globals(), """
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from ntpath import (abspath as _nt_abspath,
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normpath as _nt_normpath,
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realpath as _nt_realpath,
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splitdrive as _nt_splitdrive,
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from tempfile import (
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from bzrlib.symbol_versioning import (
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from bzrlib.trace import mutter
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# On win32, O_BINARY is used to indicate the file should
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# be opened in binary mode, rather than text mode.
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# On other platforms, O_BINARY doesn't exist, because
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# they always open in binary mode, so it is okay to
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# OR with 0 on those platforms
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O_BINARY = getattr(os, 'O_BINARY', 0)
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def make_readonly(filename):
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"""Make a filename read-only."""
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# TODO: probably needs to be fixed for windows
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mod = os.stat(filename).st_mode
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mod = mod & 0777555
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os.chmod(filename, mod)
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mode = os.lstat(f)[ST_MODE]
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raise BzrError("can't handle file kind with mode %o of %r" % (mode, f))
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_directory_kind = 'directory'
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stat.S_IFDIR:_directory_kind,
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stat.S_IFCHR:'chardev',
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stat.S_IFBLK:'block',
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stat.S_IFLNK:'symlink',
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stat.S_IFSOCK:'socket',
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def file_kind_from_stat_mode(stat_mode, _formats=_formats, _unknown='unknown'):
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"""Generate a file kind from a stat mode. This is used in walkdirs.
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Its performance is critical: Do not mutate without careful benchmarking.
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return _formats[stat_mode & 0170000]
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def file_kind(f, _lstat=os.lstat, _mapper=file_kind_from_stat_mode):
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return _mapper(_lstat(f).st_mode)
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if getattr(e, 'errno', None) == errno.ENOENT:
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raise errors.NoSuchFile(f)
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"""Return the current umask"""
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# Assume that people aren't messing with the umask while running
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# XXX: This is not thread safe, but there is no way to get the
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# umask without setting it
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def kind_marker(kind):
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if kind == 'file':
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elif kind == 'directory':
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elif kind == _directory_kind:
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elif kind == 'symlink':
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raise BzrError('invalid file kind %r' % kind)
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raise errors.BzrError('invalid file kind %r' % kind)
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lexists = getattr(os.path, 'lexists', None)
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if getattr(os, 'lstat') is not None:
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if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
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raise errors.BzrError("lstat/stat of (%r): %r" % (f, e))
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def fancy_rename(old, new, rename_func, unlink_func):
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"""A fancy rename, when you don't have atomic rename.
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:param old: The old path, to rename from
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:param new: The new path, to rename to
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:param rename_func: The potentially non-atomic rename function
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:param unlink_func: A way to delete the target file if the full rename succeeds
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# sftp rename doesn't allow overwriting, so play tricks:
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base = os.path.basename(new)
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dirname = os.path.dirname(new)
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tmp_name = u'tmp.%s.%.9f.%d.%s' % (base, time.time(), os.getpid(), rand_chars(10))
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tmp_name = pathjoin(dirname, tmp_name)
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# Rename the file out of the way, but keep track if it didn't exist
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# We don't want to grab just any exception
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# something like EACCES should prevent us from continuing
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# The downside is that the rename_func has to throw an exception
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# with an errno = ENOENT, or NoSuchFile
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rename_func(new, tmp_name)
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except (errors.NoSuchFile,), e:
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# RBC 20060103 abstraction leakage: the paramiko SFTP clients rename
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# function raises an IOError with errno is None when a rename fails.
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# This then gets caught here.
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if e.errno not in (None, errno.ENOENT, errno.ENOTDIR):
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if (getattr(e, 'errno', None) is None
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or e.errno not in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ENOTDIR)):
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# This may throw an exception, in which case success will
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rename_func(old, new)
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# If the file used to exist, rename it back into place
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# otherwise just delete it from the tmp location
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unlink_func(tmp_name)
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rename_func(tmp_name, new)
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# In Python 2.4.2 and older, os.path.abspath and os.path.realpath
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# choke on a Unicode string containing a relative path if
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# os.getcwd() returns a non-sys.getdefaultencoding()-encoded
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_fs_enc = sys.getfilesystemencoding() or 'utf-8'
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def _posix_abspath(path):
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# jam 20060426 rather than encoding to fsencoding
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# copy posixpath.abspath, but use os.getcwdu instead
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if not posixpath.isabs(path):
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path = posixpath.join(getcwd(), path)
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return posixpath.normpath(path)
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def _posix_realpath(path):
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return posixpath.realpath(path.encode(_fs_enc)).decode(_fs_enc)
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def _win32_fixdrive(path):
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"""Force drive letters to be consistent.
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win32 is inconsistent whether it returns lower or upper case
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and even if it was consistent the user might type the other
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so we force it to uppercase
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running python.exe under cmd.exe return capital C:\\
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running win32 python inside a cygwin shell returns lowercase c:\\
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drive, path = _nt_splitdrive(path)
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return drive.upper() + path
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def _win32_abspath(path):
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# Real _nt_abspath doesn't have a problem with a unicode cwd
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return _win32_fixdrive(_nt_abspath(unicode(path)).replace('\\', '/'))
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def _win32_realpath(path):
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# Real _nt_realpath doesn't have a problem with a unicode cwd
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return _win32_fixdrive(_nt_realpath(unicode(path)).replace('\\', '/'))
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def _win32_pathjoin(*args):
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return _nt_join(*args).replace('\\', '/')
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def _win32_normpath(path):
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return _win32_fixdrive(_nt_normpath(unicode(path)).replace('\\', '/'))
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return _win32_fixdrive(os.getcwdu().replace('\\', '/'))
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def _win32_mkdtemp(*args, **kwargs):
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return _win32_fixdrive(tempfile.mkdtemp(*args, **kwargs).replace('\\', '/'))
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def _win32_rename(old, new):
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"""We expect to be able to atomically replace 'new' with old.
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On win32, if new exists, it must be moved out of the way first,
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fancy_rename(old, new, rename_func=os.rename, unlink_func=os.unlink)
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if e.errno in (errno.EPERM, errno.EACCES, errno.EBUSY, errno.EINVAL):
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# If we try to rename a non-existant file onto cwd, we get
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# EPERM or EACCES instead of ENOENT, this will raise ENOENT
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# if the old path doesn't exist, sometimes we get EACCES
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# On Linux, we seem to get EBUSY, on Mac we get EINVAL
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return unicodedata.normalize('NFKC', os.getcwdu())
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# Default is to just use the python builtins, but these can be rebound on
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# particular platforms.
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abspath = _posix_abspath
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realpath = _posix_realpath
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pathjoin = os.path.join
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normpath = os.path.normpath
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dirname = os.path.dirname
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basename = os.path.basename
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# These were already imported into local scope
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# mkdtemp = tempfile.mkdtemp
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# rmtree = shutil.rmtree
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MIN_ABS_PATHLENGTH = 1
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if sys.platform == 'win32':
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abspath = _win32_abspath
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realpath = _win32_realpath
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pathjoin = _win32_pathjoin
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normpath = _win32_normpath
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getcwd = _win32_getcwd
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mkdtemp = _win32_mkdtemp
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rename = _win32_rename
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MIN_ABS_PATHLENGTH = 3
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def _win32_delete_readonly(function, path, excinfo):
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"""Error handler for shutil.rmtree function [for win32]
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Helps to remove files and dirs marked as read-only.
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exception = excinfo[1]
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if function in (os.remove, os.rmdir) \
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and isinstance(exception, OSError) \
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and exception.errno == errno.EACCES:
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def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=_win32_delete_readonly):
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"""Replacer for shutil.rmtree: could remove readonly dirs/files"""
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return shutil.rmtree(path, ignore_errors, onerror)
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elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
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def get_terminal_encoding():
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"""Find the best encoding for printing to the screen.
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This attempts to check both sys.stdout and sys.stdin to see
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what encoding they are in, and if that fails it falls back to
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bzrlib.user_encoding.
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The problem is that on Windows, locale.getpreferredencoding()
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is not the same encoding as that used by the console:
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http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2003-May/162357.html
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On my standard US Windows XP, the preferred encoding is
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cp1252, but the console is cp437
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output_encoding = getattr(sys.stdout, 'encoding', None)
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if not output_encoding:
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input_encoding = getattr(sys.stdin, 'encoding', None)
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if not input_encoding:
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output_encoding = bzrlib.user_encoding
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mutter('encoding stdout as bzrlib.user_encoding %r', output_encoding)
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output_encoding = input_encoding
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mutter('encoding stdout as sys.stdin encoding %r', output_encoding)
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mutter('encoding stdout as sys.stdout encoding %r', output_encoding)
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if output_encoding == 'cp0':
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# invalid encoding (cp0 means 'no codepage' on Windows)
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output_encoding = bzrlib.user_encoding
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mutter('cp0 is invalid encoding.'
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' encoding stdout as bzrlib.user_encoding %r', output_encoding)
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return output_encoding
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def normalizepath(f):
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if getattr(os.path, 'realpath', None) is not None:
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[p,e] = os.path.split(f)
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if e == "" or e == "." or e == "..":
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return pathjoin(F(p), e)
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def backup_file(fn):
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tt = time.gmtime(t)
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elif timezone == 'original':
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tt = time.gmtime(t + offset)
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elif timezone == 'local':
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tt = time.localtime(t)
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offset = local_time_offset(t)
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raise BzrError("unsupported timezone format %r" % timezone,
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['options are "utc", "original", "local"'])
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return (time.strftime("%a %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", tt)
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+ ' %+03d%02d' % (offset / 3600, (offset / 60) % 60))
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raise errors.BzrError("unsupported timezone format %r" % timezone,
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['options are "utc", "original", "local"'])
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date_fmt = "%a %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"
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offset_str = ' %+03d%02d' % (offset / 3600, (offset / 60) % 60)
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return (time.strftime(date_fmt, tt) + offset_str)
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def compact_date(when):
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return time.strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S', time.gmtime(when))
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def format_delta(delta):
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"""Get a nice looking string for a time delta.
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:param delta: The time difference in seconds, can be positive or negative.
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positive indicates time in the past, negative indicates time in the
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future. (usually time.time() - stored_time)
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:return: String formatted to show approximate resolution
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direction = 'in the future'
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if seconds < 90: # print seconds up to 90 seconds
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return '%d second %s' % (seconds, direction,)
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return '%d seconds %s' % (seconds, direction)
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minutes = int(seconds / 60)
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seconds -= 60 * minutes
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if minutes < 90: # print minutes, seconds up to 90 minutes
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return '%d minute, %d second%s %s' % (
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minutes, seconds, plural_seconds, direction)
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return '%d minutes, %d second%s %s' % (
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minutes, seconds, plural_seconds, direction)
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hours = int(minutes / 60)
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minutes -= 60 * hours
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return '%d hour, %d minute%s %s' % (hours, minutes,
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plural_minutes, direction)
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return '%d hours, %d minute%s %s' % (hours, minutes,
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plural_minutes, direction)
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"""Return size of given open file."""
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return os.fstat(f.fileno())[ST_SIZE]
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if hasattr(os, 'urandom'): # python 2.4 and later
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# Define rand_bytes based on platform.
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# Python 2.4 and later have os.urandom,
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# but it doesn't work on some arches
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rand_bytes = os.urandom
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elif sys.platform == 'linux2':
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rand_bytes = file('/dev/urandom', 'rb').read
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# not well seeded, but better than nothing
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s += chr(random.randint(0, 255))
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except (NotImplementedError, AttributeError):
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# If python doesn't have os.urandom, or it doesn't work,
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# then try to first pull random data from /dev/urandom
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rand_bytes = file('/dev/urandom', 'rb').read
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# Otherwise, use this hack as a last resort
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except (IOError, OSError):
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# not well seeded, but better than nothing
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s += chr(random.randint(0, 255))
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ALNUM = '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
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"""Return a random string of num alphanumeric characters
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The result only contains lowercase chars because it may be used on
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case-insensitive filesystems.
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for raw_byte in rand_bytes(num):
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s += ALNUM[ord(raw_byte) % 36]
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## TODO: We could later have path objects that remember their list
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## decomposition (might be too tricksy though.)
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def splitpath(p):
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"""Turn string into list of parts.
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>>> splitpath('a/./b')
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>>> splitpath('a/.b')
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>>> splitpath('a/../b')
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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BzrError: sorry, '..' not allowed in path
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assert isinstance(p, types.StringTypes)
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"""Turn string into list of parts."""
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assert isinstance(p, basestring)
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# split on either delimiter because people might use either on
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assert isinstance(p, list)
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if (f == '..') or (f == None) or (f == ''):
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raise BzrError("sorry, %r not allowed in path" % f)
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return os.path.join(*p)
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if (f == '..') or (f is None) or (f == ''):
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raise errors.BzrError("sorry, %r not allowed in path" % f)
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@deprecated_function(zero_nine)
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def appendpath(p1, p2):
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return os.path.join(p1, p2)
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def extern_command(cmd, ignore_errors = False):
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mutter('external command: %s' % `cmd`)
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if not ignore_errors:
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raise BzrError('command failed')
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def _read_config_value(name):
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"""Read a config value from the file ~/.bzr.conf/<name>
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Return None if the file does not exist"""
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f = file(os.path.join(config_dir(), name), "r")
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return f.read().decode(bzrlib.user_encoding).rstrip("\r\n")
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if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
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return pathjoin(p1, p2)
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"""Split s into lines, but without removing the newline characters."""
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lines = s.split('\n')
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result = [line + '\n' for line in lines[:-1]]
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result.append(lines[-1])
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def hardlinks_good():
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return sys.platform not in ('win32', 'cygwin', 'darwin')
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def link_or_copy(src, dest):
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"""Hardlink a file, or copy it if it can't be hardlinked."""
739
if not hardlinks_good():
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shutil.copyfile(src, dest)
744
except (OSError, IOError), e:
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if e.errno != errno.EXDEV:
747
shutil.copyfile(src, dest)
749
def delete_any(full_path):
750
"""Delete a file or directory."""
754
# We may be renaming a dangling inventory id
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if e.errno not in (errno.EISDIR, errno.EACCES, errno.EPERM):
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if getattr(os, 'symlink', None) is not None:
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def contains_whitespace(s):
768
"""True if there are any whitespace characters in s."""
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for ch in string.whitespace:
776
def contains_linebreaks(s):
777
"""True if there is any vertical whitespace in s."""
785
def relpath(base, path):
786
"""Return path relative to base, or raise exception.
788
The path may be either an absolute path or a path relative to the
789
current working directory.
791
os.path.commonprefix (python2.4) has a bad bug that it works just
792
on string prefixes, assuming that '/u' is a prefix of '/u2'. This
796
assert len(base) >= MIN_ABS_PATHLENGTH, ('Length of base must be equal or'
797
' exceed the platform minimum length (which is %d)' %
804
while len(head) >= len(base):
807
head, tail = os.path.split(head)
811
raise errors.PathNotChild(rp, base)
819
def safe_unicode(unicode_or_utf8_string):
820
"""Coerce unicode_or_utf8_string into unicode.
822
If it is unicode, it is returned.
823
Otherwise it is decoded from utf-8. If a decoding error
824
occurs, it is wrapped as a If the decoding fails, the exception is wrapped
825
as a BzrBadParameter exception.
827
if isinstance(unicode_or_utf8_string, unicode):
828
return unicode_or_utf8_string
830
return unicode_or_utf8_string.decode('utf8')
831
except UnicodeDecodeError:
832
raise errors.BzrBadParameterNotUnicode(unicode_or_utf8_string)
835
_platform_normalizes_filenames = False
836
if sys.platform == 'darwin':
837
_platform_normalizes_filenames = True
840
def normalizes_filenames():
841
"""Return True if this platform normalizes unicode filenames.
843
Mac OSX does, Windows/Linux do not.
845
return _platform_normalizes_filenames
848
def _accessible_normalized_filename(path):
849
"""Get the unicode normalized path, and if you can access the file.
851
On platforms where the system normalizes filenames (Mac OSX),
852
you can access a file by any path which will normalize correctly.
853
On platforms where the system does not normalize filenames
854
(Windows, Linux), you have to access a file by its exact path.
856
Internally, bzr only supports NFC/NFKC normalization, since that is
857
the standard for XML documents.
859
So return the normalized path, and a flag indicating if the file
860
can be accessed by that path.
863
return unicodedata.normalize('NFKC', unicode(path)), True
866
def _inaccessible_normalized_filename(path):
867
__doc__ = _accessible_normalized_filename.__doc__
869
normalized = unicodedata.normalize('NFKC', unicode(path))
870
return normalized, normalized == path
873
if _platform_normalizes_filenames:
874
normalized_filename = _accessible_normalized_filename
876
normalized_filename = _inaccessible_normalized_filename
879
def terminal_width():
880
"""Return estimated terminal width."""
881
if sys.platform == 'win32':
882
import bzrlib.win32console
883
return bzrlib.win32console.get_console_size()[0]
886
import struct, fcntl, termios
887
s = struct.pack('HHHH', 0, 0, 0, 0)
888
x = fcntl.ioctl(1, termios.TIOCGWINSZ, s)
889
width = struct.unpack('HHHH', x)[1]
894
width = int(os.environ['COLUMNS'])
903
def supports_executable():
904
return sys.platform != "win32"
907
def set_or_unset_env(env_variable, value):
908
"""Modify the environment, setting or removing the env_variable.
910
:param env_variable: The environment variable in question
911
:param value: The value to set the environment to. If None, then
912
the variable will be removed.
913
:return: The original value of the environment variable.
915
orig_val = os.environ.get(env_variable)
917
if orig_val is not None:
918
del os.environ[env_variable]
920
if isinstance(value, unicode):
921
value = value.encode(bzrlib.user_encoding)
922
os.environ[env_variable] = value
926
_validWin32PathRE = re.compile(r'^([A-Za-z]:[/\\])?[^:<>*"?\|]*$')
929
def check_legal_path(path):
930
"""Check whether the supplied path is legal.
931
This is only required on Windows, so we don't test on other platforms
934
if sys.platform != "win32":
936
if _validWin32PathRE.match(path) is None:
937
raise errors.IllegalPath(path)
940
def walkdirs(top, prefix=""):
941
"""Yield data about all the directories in a tree.
943
This yields all the data about the contents of a directory at a time.
944
After each directory has been yielded, if the caller has mutated the list
945
to exclude some directories, they are then not descended into.
947
The data yielded is of the form:
948
((directory-relpath, directory-path-from-top),
949
[(relpath, basename, kind, lstat), ...]),
950
- directory-relpath is the relative path of the directory being returned
951
with respect to top. prefix is prepended to this.
952
- directory-path-from-root is the path including top for this directory.
953
It is suitable for use with os functions.
954
- relpath is the relative path within the subtree being walked.
955
- basename is the basename of the path
956
- kind is the kind of the file now. If unknown then the file is not
957
present within the tree - but it may be recorded as versioned. See
959
- lstat is the stat data *if* the file was statted.
960
- planned, not implemented:
961
path_from_tree_root is the path from the root of the tree.
963
:param prefix: Prefix the relpaths that are yielded with 'prefix'. This
964
allows one to walk a subtree but get paths that are relative to a tree
966
:return: an iterator over the dirs.
968
#TODO there is a bit of a smell where the results of the directory-
969
# summary in this, and the path from the root, may not agree
970
# depending on top and prefix - i.e. ./foo and foo as a pair leads to
971
# potentially confusing output. We should make this more robust - but
972
# not at a speed cost. RBC 20060731
975
_directory = _directory_kind
976
_listdir = os.listdir
977
pending = [(prefix, "", _directory, None, top)]
980
currentdir = pending.pop()
981
# 0 - relpath, 1- basename, 2- kind, 3- stat, 4-toppath
984
relroot = currentdir[0] + '/'
987
for name in sorted(_listdir(top)):
988
abspath = top + '/' + name
989
statvalue = lstat(abspath)
990
dirblock.append((relroot + name, name,
991
file_kind_from_stat_mode(statvalue.st_mode),
993
yield (currentdir[0], top), dirblock
994
# push the user specified dirs from dirblock
995
for dir in reversed(dirblock):
996
if dir[2] == _directory:
1000
def copy_tree(from_path, to_path, handlers={}):
1001
"""Copy all of the entries in from_path into to_path.
1003
:param from_path: The base directory to copy.
1004
:param to_path: The target directory. If it does not exist, it will
1006
:param handlers: A dictionary of functions, which takes a source and
1007
destinations for files, directories, etc.
1008
It is keyed on the file kind, such as 'directory', 'symlink', or 'file'
1009
'file', 'directory', and 'symlink' should always exist.
1010
If they are missing, they will be replaced with 'os.mkdir()',
1011
'os.readlink() + os.symlink()', and 'shutil.copy2()', respectively.
1013
# Now, just copy the existing cached tree to the new location
1014
# We use a cheap trick here.
1015
# Absolute paths are prefixed with the first parameter
1016
# relative paths are prefixed with the second.
1017
# So we can get both the source and target returned
1018
# without any extra work.
1020
def copy_dir(source, dest):
1023
def copy_link(source, dest):
1024
"""Copy the contents of a symlink"""
1025
link_to = os.readlink(source)
1026
os.symlink(link_to, dest)
1028
real_handlers = {'file':shutil.copy2,
1029
'symlink':copy_link,
1030
'directory':copy_dir,
1032
real_handlers.update(handlers)
1034
if not os.path.exists(to_path):
1035
real_handlers['directory'](from_path, to_path)
1037
for dir_info, entries in walkdirs(from_path, prefix=to_path):
1038
for relpath, name, kind, st, abspath in entries:
1039
real_handlers[kind](abspath, relpath)
1042
def path_prefix_key(path):
1043
"""Generate a prefix-order path key for path.
1045
This can be used to sort paths in the same way that walkdirs does.
1047
return (dirname(path) , path)
1050
def compare_paths_prefix_order(path_a, path_b):
1051
"""Compare path_a and path_b to generate the same order walkdirs uses."""
1052
key_a = path_prefix_key(path_a)
1053
key_b = path_prefix_key(path_b)
1054
return cmp(key_a, key_b)
1057
_cached_user_encoding = None
1060
def get_user_encoding():
1061
"""Find out what the preferred user encoding is.
1063
This is generally the encoding that is used for command line parameters
1064
and file contents. This may be different from the terminal encoding
1065
or the filesystem encoding.
1067
:return: A string defining the preferred user encoding
1069
global _cached_user_encoding
1070
if _cached_user_encoding is not None:
1071
return _cached_user_encoding
1073
if sys.platform == 'darwin':
1074
# work around egregious python 2.4 bug
1075
sys.platform = 'posix'
1079
sys.platform = 'darwin'
1084
_cached_user_encoding = locale.getpreferredencoding()
1085
except locale.Error, e:
1086
sys.stderr.write('bzr: warning: %s\n'
1087
' Could not determine what text encoding to use.\n'
1088
' This error usually means your Python interpreter\n'
1089
' doesn\'t support the locale set by $LANG (%s)\n'
1090
" Continuing with ascii encoding.\n"
1091
% (e, os.environ.get('LANG')))
1093
# Windows returns 'cp0' to indicate there is no code page. So we'll just
1094
# treat that as ASCII, and not support printing unicode characters to the
1096
if _cached_user_encoding in (None, 'cp0'):
1097
_cached_user_encoding = 'ascii'
1098
return _cached_user_encoding
1101
def recv_all(socket, bytes):
1102
"""Receive an exact number of bytes.
1104
Regular Socket.recv() may return less than the requested number of bytes,
1105
dependning on what's in the OS buffer. MSG_WAITALL is not available
1106
on all platforms, but this should work everywhere. This will return
1107
less than the requested amount if the remote end closes.
1109
This isn't optimized and is intended mostly for use in testing.
1112
while len(b) < bytes:
1113
new = socket.recv(bytes - len(b))
1119
def dereference_path(path):
1120
"""Determine the real path to a file.
1122
All parent elements are dereferenced. But the file itself is not
1124
:param path: The original path. May be absolute or relative.
1125
:return: the real path *to* the file
1127
parent, base = os.path.split(path)
1128
# The pathjoin for '.' is a workaround for Python bug #1213894.
1129
# (initial path components aren't dereferenced)
1130
return pathjoin(realpath(pathjoin('.', parent)), base)