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==========================
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KnitPack repository format
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==========================
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Using KnitPack repositories
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===========================
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KnitPack is a new repository format for Bazaar, which is expected to be
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faster both locally and over the network, is usually more compact, and
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will work with more FTP servers.
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Our benchmarking results to date have been very promising. We fully expect
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to make a pack-based format the default in the near future. We would
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therefore like as many people as possible using KnitPack repositories,
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benchmarking the results and telling us where improvements are still needed.
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A small percentage of existing repositories may have some inconsistent
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data within them. It's is a good idea to check the integrity of your
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repositories before migrating them to knitpack format. To do this, run::
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If that reports a problem, run this command::
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Note that this can take many hours for repositories with deep history
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so be sure to set aside some time for this if it is required.
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Creating a new knitpack branch
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------------------------------
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If you're starting a project from scratch, it's easy to make it a
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``knitpack`` one. Here's how::
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bzr commit -m "initial import"
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In other words, use the normal sequence of commands but add the
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``--pack-0.92`` option to the ``init`` command.
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**Note:** In bzr 0.92, this format was called ``knitpack-experimental``.
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Creating a new knitpack repository
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----------------------------------
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If you're starting a project from scratch and wish to use a shared repository
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for branches, you can make it a ``knitpack`` repository like this::
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bzr init-repo --pack-0.92 .
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bzr commit -m "initial import"
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In other words, use the normal sequence of commands but add the
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``--pack-0.92`` option to the ``init-repo`` command.
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Upgrading an existing branch or repository to knitpack format
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-------------------------------------------------------------
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If you have an existing branch and wish to migrate it to
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a ``knitpack`` format, use the ``upgrade`` command like this::
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bzr upgrade --pack-0.92 path-to-my-branch
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If you are using a shared repository, run::
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bzr upgrade --pack-0.92 ROOT_OF_REPOSITORY
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to upgrade the history database. Note that this will not
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alter the branch format of each branch, so
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you will need to also upgrade each branch individually
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if you are upgrading from an old (e.g. < 0.17) bzr.
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More modern bzr's will already have the branch format at
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our latest branch format which adds support for tags.
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Starting a new knitpack branch from one in an older format
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----------------------------------------------------------
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This can be done in one of several ways:
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1. Create a new branch and pull into it
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2. Create a standalone branch and upgrade its format
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3. Create a knitpack shared repository and branch into it
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Here are the commands for using the ``pull`` approach::
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bzr init --pack-0.92 my-new-branch
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bzr pull my-source-branch
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Here are the commands for using the ``upgrade`` approach::
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bzr branch my-source-branch my-new-branch
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bzr upgrade --pack-0.92 .
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Here are the commands for the shared repository approach::
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bzr init-repo --pack-0.92 .
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bzr branch my-source-branch my-new-branch
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As a reminder, any of the above approaches can fail if the source branch
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has inconsistent data within it and hasn't been reconciled yet. Please
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be sure to check that before reporting problems.
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Testing packs for bzr-svn users
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-------------------------------
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If you are using ``bzr-svn`` or are testing the prototype subtree support,
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you can still use and assist in testing KnitPacks. The commands to use
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are identical to the ones given above except that the name of the format
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to use is ``knitpack-subtree-experimental``.
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WARNING: Note that the subtree formats, ``dirstate-subtree`` and
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``knitpack-subtree-experimental``, are **not** production strength yet and
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may cause unexpected problems. They are required for the bzr-svn
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plug-in but should otherwise only be used by people happy to live on the
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bleeding edge. If you are using bzr-svn, you're on the bleeding edge anyway.
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If you need any help or encounter any problems, please contact the developers
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via the usual ways, i.e. chat to us on IRC or send a message to our mailing
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list. See http://wiki.bazaar.canonical.com/BzrSupport for contact details.
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Bazaar 0.92 adds a new format (experimental at first) implemented in
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``bzrlib.repofmt.pack_repo.py``.
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This format provides a knit-like interface which is quite compatible
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with knit format repositories: you can get a VersionedFile for a
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particular file-id, or for revisions, or for the inventory, even though
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these do not correspond to single files on disk.
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The on-disk format is that the repository directory contains these
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files and subdirectories:
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==================== =============================================
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packs/ completed readonly packs
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indices/ indices for completed packs
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upload/ temporary files for packs currently being
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obsolete_packs/ packs that have been repacked and are no
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longer normally needed
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pack-names index of all live packs
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==================== =============================================
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Note that for consistency we always write "indices" not "indexes".
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This is implemented on top of pack files, which are written once from
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start to end, then left alone. A pack consists of a body file, plus
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several index files. There are four index files for each pack, which
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have the same basename and an extension indicating the purpose of the
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======== ========== ======================== ==========================
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extn Purpose Key References
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======== ========== ======================== ==========================
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``.tix`` File texts ``file_id, revision_id`` per-file parents,
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``.six`` Signatures ``revision_id,`` -
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``.rix`` Revisions ``revision_id,`` revision parents
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``.iix`` Inventory ``revision_id,`` revision parents,
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======== ========== ======================== ==========================
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Indices are accessed through the ``bzrlib.index.GraphIndex`` class.
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Indices are stored as sorted files on disk. Each line is one record,
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* a value string - for all these indices, this is an ascii decimal pair
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of "offset length" giving the position of the referenced data within
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* a list of zero or more reference lists
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The reference lists let a graph be stored within the index. Each
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reference list entry points to another entry in the same index. The
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references are represented as a byte offset for the target within the
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When a compression base is given, it indicates that the body of the text
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or inventory is a forward delta from the referenced revision. The
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compression base list must have length 0 or 1.
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Like packs, indexes are written only once and then unmodified. A
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GraphIndex builder is a mutable in-memory graph that can be sorted,
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cross-referenced and written out when the write group completes.
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There can also be index entries with a value of 'a' for absent. These
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records exist just to be pointed to in a graph. This is used, for
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example, to give the revision-parent pointer when the parent revision is
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The data content for each record is a knit data chunk. The knits are
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always unannotated - the annotations must be generated when needed.
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(We'd like to cache/memoize the annotations.) The data hunks can be
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moved between packs without needing to recompress them.
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It is not possible to regenerate an index from the body file, because it
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contains information stored in the knit index that's not in the body.
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(In particular, the per-file graph is only stored in the index.)
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We would like to change this in a future format.
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The lock is a regular LockDir lock. The lock is only held for a much
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reduced scope, while updating the pack-names file. The bulk of the
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insertion can be done without the repository locked. This is an
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implementation detail; the repository user should still call
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``repository.lock_write`` at the regular time but be aware this does not
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correspond to a physical mutex.
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Read locks control caching but do not affect writers.
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The newly-added repository write group concept is very important to
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KnitPack repositories. When ``start_write_group`` is called, a new
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temporary pack is created and all modifications to the repository will
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go into it until either ``commit_write_group`` or ``abort_write_group``
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is called, at which time it is either finished and moved into place or
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discarded respectively. Write groups cannot be nested, only one can be
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underway at a time on a Repository instance and they must occur within a
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Normally the data for each revision will be entirely within a single
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pack but this is not required.
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When a pack is finished, it gets a final name based on the md5 of all
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the data written into the pack body file.
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The ``pack-names`` file gives the list of all finished non-obsolete
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packs. (This should always be the same as the list of files in the
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``packs/`` directory, but the file is needed for read-only HTTP clients
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that can't easily list directories, and it includes other information.)
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The constraint on the ``pack-names`` list is that every file mentioned
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must exist in the ``packs/`` directory.
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In rare cases, when a writer is interrupted, about-to-be-removed packs
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may still be present in the directory but removed from the list.
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As well as the list of names, the pack-names file also contains the
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size, in bytes, of each of the four indices. This is used to bootstrap
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bisection search within the indices.
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In normal use, one pack will be created for each commit to a repository.
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This would build up to an inefficient number of files over time, so a
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``repack`` operation is available to recombine them, by producing larger
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files containing data on multiple revisions. This can be done manually
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by running ``bzr pack``, and it also may happen automatically when a
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write group is committed.
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The repacking strategy used at the moment tries to balance not doing too
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much work during commit with not having too many small files left in the
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repository. The algorithm is roughly this: the total number of
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revisions in the repository is expressed as a decimal number, e.g.
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"532". Then we'll repack until we have five packs containing a hundred
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revisions each, three packs containing ten revisions each, and two packs
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with single revisions. This means that each revision will normally
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initially be created in a single-revision pack, then moved to a
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ten-revision pack, then to a 100-pack, and so on.
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As with other repositories, in normal use data is only inserted.
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However, in some circumstances we may want to garbage-collect or prune
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existing data, or reconcile indexes.
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doc/developers/packrepo.txt
