1
.. This file is in Python ReStructuredText format - it can be formatted
2
.. into HTML or text. In the future we plan to extract the example commands
3
.. and automatically test them.
5
.. This text was previously on the wiki at
6
.. http://bazaar.canonical.com/IntroductionToBzr
7
.. but has been moved into the source tree so it can be kept in sync with
8
.. the source and possibly automatically checked.
5
current for bzr 0.0.6pre, July 2005
8
*Note:* This tutorial is a work in
9
progress, and describes code that is itself still evolving.
10
If you have comments on either the design or the tutorial,
11
please send them to the bazaar-ng@lists.canonical.com mailing list.
18
If you are already familiar with decentralized version control, then
19
please feel free to skip ahead to "Introducing Yourself to Bazaar". If,
20
on the other hand, you are familiar with version control but not
21
decentralized version control, then please start at "How DVCS is
22
different." Otherwise, get some coffee or tea, get comfortable and get
25
The purpose of version control
26
==============================
28
Odds are that you have worked on some sort of textual data -- the sources
29
to a program, web sites or the config files that Unix system
30
administrators have to deal with in /etc. The chances are also good that
31
you have made some sort of mistake that you deeply regretted. Perhaps you
32
deleted the configuration file for your mailserver or perhaps mauled the
33
source code for a pet project. Whatever happened, you have just deleted
34
important information that you would desperately like to get back. If this
35
has ever happened to you, then you are probably ready for Bazaar.
37
Version control systems (which I'll henceforth call VCS) such as
38
Bazaar give you the ability to track changes for a directory by turning
39
it into something slightly more complicated than a directory that we call
40
a **branch**. The branch not only stores how the directory looks right
41
now, but also how it looked at various points in the past. Then, when you
42
do something you wish you hadn't, you can restore the directory to the way
43
it looked at some point in the past.
45
Version control systems give users the ability to save changes to a
46
branch by "committing a **revision**". The revision created is essentially
47
a summary of the changes that were made since the last time the tree was
50
These revisions have other uses as well. For example, one can comment
51
revisions to record what the recent set of changes meant by providing an
52
optional log message. Real life log messages include things like "Fixed
53
the web template to close the table" and "Added sftp suppport. Fixes #595"
55
We keep these logs so that if later there is some sort of problem with
56
sftp, we can figure out when the problem probably happened.
61
Many Version Control Systems (VCS) are stored on servers. If one wants to
62
work on the code stored within a VCS, then one needs to connect to the
63
server and "checkout" the code. Doing so gives one a directory in which a
64
person can make changes and then commit. The VCS client then connects to
65
the VCS server and stores the changes. This method is known as the
68
The centralized model can have some drawbacks. A centralized VCS requires
69
that one is able to connect to the server whenever one wants to do version
70
control work. This can be a bit of a problem if your server is on some other
71
machine on the internet and you are not. Or, worse yet, you **are** on the
72
internet but the server is missing!
74
Decentralized Version Control Systems (which I'll call DVCS after this
75
point) deal with this problem by keeping branches on the same machine as
76
the client. In Bazaar's case, the branch is kept in the same place as
77
the code that is being version controlled. This allows the user to save
78
his changes (**commit**) whenever he wants -- even if he is offline. The
79
user only needs internet access when he wants to access the changes in
80
someone else's branch that are somewhere else.
83
A common requirement that many people have is the need to keep track of
84
the changes for a directory such as file and subdirectory changes.
85
Performing this tracking by hand is a awkward process that over time
86
becomes unwieldy. That is, until one considers version control tools such
87
as Bazaar. These tools automate the process of storing data by creating
88
a **revision** of the directory tree whenever the user asks.
90
Version control software such as Bazaar can do much more than just
91
storage and performing undo. For example, with Bazaar a developer can
92
take the modifications in one branch of software and apply them to a
93
related branch -- even if those changes exist in a branch owned by
94
somebody else. This allows developers to cooperate without giving
95
write access to the repository.
97
Bazaar remembers the ''ancestry'' of a revision: the previous revisions
98
that it is based upon. A single revision may have more than one direct
99
descendant, each with different changes, representing a divergence in the
100
evolution of the tree. By branching, Bazaar allows multiple people to
101
cooperate on the evolution of a project, without all needing to work in
102
strict lock-step. Branching can be useful even for a single developer.
104
Introducing yourself to Bazaar
105
==============================
107
Bazaar installs a single new command, **bzr**. Everything else is a
108
subcommand of this. You can get some help with ``bzr help``. Some arguments
109
are grouped in topics: ``bzr help topics`` to see which topics are available.
111
One function of a version control system is to keep track of who changed
112
what. In a decentralized system, that requires an identifier for each
113
author that is globally unique. Most people already have one of these: an
114
email address. Bazaar is smart enough to automatically generate an email
115
address by looking up your username and hostname. If you don't like the
116
guess that Bazaar makes, then three options exist:
118
1. Set an email address via ``bzr whoami``. This is the simplest way.
120
To set a global identity, use::
122
% bzr whoami "Your Name <email@example.com>"
124
If you'd like to use a different address for a specific branch, enter
125
the branch folder and use::
127
% bzr whoami --branch "Your Name <email@example.com>"
129
#. Setting the email address in the ``~/.bazaar/bazaar.conf`` [1]_ by
130
adding the following lines. Please note that ``[DEFAULT]`` is case
134
email=Your Name <email@isp.com>
136
As above, you can override this settings on a branch by branch basis
137
by creating a branch section in ``~/.bazaar/locations.conf`` and
138
adding the following lines::
140
[/the/path/to/the/branch]
141
email=Your Name <email@isp.com>
144
#. Overriding the two previous options by setting the global environment
145
variable ``$BZR_EMAIL`` or ``$EMAIL`` (``$BZR_EMAIL`` will take
146
precedence) to your full email address.
148
.. [1] On Windows, the users configuration files can be found in the
149
application data directory. So instead of ``~/.bazaar/branch.conf``
150
the configuration file can be found as:
151
``C:\Documents and Settings\<username>\Application Data\Bazaar\2.0\branch.conf``.
152
The same is true for ``locations.conf``, ``ignore``, and the
153
``plugins`` directory.
18
Bazaar-NG is a version control tool. It manages trees of files and subdirectories. In particular, it records *revisions* of trees, representing their state at a particular point in time, and information about those revisions and their relationships. Recording and retrieving tree revisions is useful in several ways if you are writing software or documents or doing similar creative work.
20
* Keeping previous revisions lets you go back if you make a mistake or want to check your work. It acts as a high-level unlimited undo.
22
* By recording comments on every revision, you produce an annotated history of the project, describing what, who, why, and when.
24
* Using a version control tool can be an aid to thinking about a project: getting to a stable state at regular intervals and then writing a description of what you did is an easy way to stay organized and on track.
26
Bazaar-NG remembers the *ancestry* of a revision: the previous revisions that it is based upon. A single revision may have more than one direct descendant, each with different changes, representing a divergence in the evolution of the tree.
27
By branching, Bazaar-NG allows multiple people to cooperate on the evolution of a project, without all needing to work in strict
28
lock-step. Branching can be useful even for a single developer.
30
Bazaar-NG installs a single new command,
31
*bzr*. Everything else is a subcommand of this. You can get
32
some help with ``bzr help``. There will be more in the future.
36
Introducing yourself to bzr
37
===========================
39
One function of a version control system is to keep track of who
40
changed what. In a distributed system that requires an identifier for
41
each author that is globally unique. Most people already have one of
42
these: an email address.
44
[after 0.0.4] To tell bzr which email address to use, put it in the file
45
``$HOME/.bzr.conf/email``, or the environment variable ``$BZREMAIL``.
46
If neither of these are set, bzr will use the ``$EMAIL``
47
variable, or use your username and hostname.
49
To check this has taken effect, or if you forget your own name, use
50
the ``whoami`` ("who am i?") command::
54
Some people want to avoid sharing their email address so as not to
55
get spam. bzr will never
56
disclose your email address unless you tell it to by publishing an
57
archive or transmiting a changeset. It's recommended that you do use
58
a real address, so that people can contact you about your work, but
59
it's not required. You can use an address which is obfuscated, which
60
bounces, or which goes through an anti-spam service such as spamgourmet.com.
158
History is by default stored in the .bzr directory of the branch. In a
159
future version of Bazaar, there will be a facility to store it in a
160
separate repository, which may be remote.
162
We create a new branch by running ``bzr init`` in an existing directory::
68
History is by default stored in the .bzr directory of the branch.
69
There will be a facility to store it in a separate repository, which
70
may be remote. We create a new branch by running *bzr init* in
71
an existing directory::
169
79
/home/mbp/work/bzr.test/tutorial
176
As with CVS, there are three classes of file: unknown, ignored, and
177
versioned. The **add** command makes a file versioned: that is, changes
178
to it will be recorded by the system::
86
As for CVS, there are three classes of file: unknown, ignored, and
87
versioned. The *add* command makes a file versioned: that is,
88
changes to it will be recorded by the system::
180
90
% echo 'hello world' > hello.txt
191
If you add the wrong file, simply use ``bzr remove`` to make it
192
unversioned again. This does not delete the working copy in this case,
193
though it may in others [2]_.
195
.. [2] ``bzr remove`` will remove the working copy if it is currently
196
versioned, but has no changes from the last committed version. You
197
can force the file to always be kept with the ``--keep`` option to
198
``bzr remove``, or force it to always be deleted with ``--force``.
203
All history is stored in a branch, which is just an on-disk directory
204
containing control files. By default there is no separate repository or
205
database as used in svn or svk. You can choose to create a repository if
206
you want to (see the ``bzr init-repo`` command). You may wish to do this
207
if you have very large branches, or many branches of a moderately sized
210
You'll usually refer to branches on your computer's filesystem just by
211
giving the name of the directory containing the branch. bzr also supports
212
accessing branches over http and sftp, for example::
214
% bzr log http://bazaar.launchpad.net/~bzr-pqm/bzr/bzr.dev/
215
% bzr log sftp://bazaar.launchpad.net/~bzr-pqm/bzr/bzr.dev/
217
By installing bzr plugins you can also access branches using the rsync
220
See the `Publishing your branch`_ section for more about how to put your
221
branch at a given location.
95
% bzr add -v hello.txt
100
If you add the wrong file, simply use ``bzr remove`` to make
101
it unversioned again. This does not delete the working copy.
223
104
Reviewing changes
224
105
=================
226
Once you have completed some work, you will want to **commit** it to the
227
version history. It is good to commit fairly often: whenever you get a
228
new feature working, fix a bug, or improve some code or documentation.
229
It's also a good practice to make sure that the code compiles and passes
230
its test suite before committing, to make sure that every revision is a
231
known-good state. You can also review your changes, to make sure you're
232
committing what you intend to, and as a chance to rethink your work before
233
you permanently record it.
235
Two bzr commands are particularly useful here: **status** and **diff**.
240
The **status** command tells you what changes have been made to the
241
working directory since the last revision::
107
Once you have completed some work, you will want to *commit*
108
it to the version history. It is good to commit fairly often:
109
whenever you get a new feature working, fix a bug, or improve some
110
code or documentation. It's also a good practice to make sure that
111
the code compiles and passes its test suite before committing, to make
112
sure that every revision is a known-good state. You can also review
113
your changes, to make sure you're committing what you intend to, and
114
as a chance to rethink your work before you permanently record it.
116
Two bzr commands are particularly useful here: *status* and
117
*diff*. The *status* command
118
shows a listing with one line per file, indicating whether it has been
119
Added, Deleted, Modified, or Renamed in the current revision. Unknown
120
files are shown as '?'. With the ``--all`` option, the status
121
command also shows unmodified versioned files as '.', and ignored
247
``bzr status`` hides "boring" files that are either unchanged or ignored.
248
The status command can optionally be given the name of some files or
249
directories to check.
254
The **diff** command shows the full text of changes to all files as a
255
standard unified diff. This can be piped through many programs such as
256
''patch'', ''diffstat'', ''filterdiff'' and ''colordiff''::
127
The *diff* command shows the full text of changes to all
128
files as a standard unified diff. This can be piped through many
129
programs such as ``patch``, ``diffstat``,
130
``filterdiff`` and ``colordiff``::
259
=== added file 'hello.txt'
260
--- hello.txt 1970-01-01 00:00:00 +0000
261
+++ hello.txt 2005-10-18 14:23:29 +0000
133
*** added file 'hello.txt'
266
With the ``-r`` option, the tree is compared to an earlier revision, or
267
the differences between two versions are shown::
269
% bzr diff -r 1000.. # everything since r1000
270
% bzr diff -r 1000..1100 # changes from 1000 to 1100
272
The ``--diff-options`` option causes bzr to run the external diff program,
273
passing options. For example::
275
% bzr diff --diff-options --side-by-side foo
277
Some projects prefer patches to show a prefix at the start of the path
278
for old and new files. The ``--prefix`` option can be used to provide
280
As a shortcut, ``bzr diff -p1`` produces a form that works with the
281
command ``patch -p1``.
139
With the ``-r`` option, the tree is compared to an earlier
142
[TODO: options to run external diff; to get context diff or other
143
formats; to diff only selected files; to compare two historical
284
148
Committing changes
285
149
==================
287
When the working tree state is satisfactory, it can be **committed** to
288
the branch, creating a new revision holding a snapshot of that state.
293
The **commit** command takes a message describing the changes in the
294
revision. It also records your userid, the current time and timezone, and
295
the inventory and contents of the tree. The commit message is specified
296
by the ``-m`` or ``--message`` option. You can enter a multi-line commit
297
message; in most shells you can enter this just by leaving the quotes open
298
at the end of the line.
151
When the working tree state is satisfactory, it can be
152
*committed* to the branch, creating a new revision holding a
153
snapshot of that state.
155
The ``commit`` command takes a message describing the changes
156
in the revision. It also records your userid, the current time and
157
timezone, and the inventory and contents of the tree. The commit
158
message is specified by the ``-m`` or ``--message`` option.
159
You can enter a multi-line commit message; in most shells you can
160
enter this just by leaving the quotes open at the end of the line. ::
302
162
% bzr commit -m "added my first file"
304
You can also use the ``-F`` option to take the message from a file. Some
305
people like to make notes for a commit message while they work, then
306
review the diff to make sure they did what they said they did. (This file
307
can also be useful when you pick up your work after a break.)
309
Message from an editor
310
----------------------
312
If you use neither the ``-m`` nor the ``-F`` option then bzr will open an
313
editor for you to enter a message. The editor to run is controlled by
314
your ``$VISUAL`` or ``$EDITOR`` environment variable, which can be overridden
315
by the ``editor`` setting in ``~/.bazaar/bazaar.conf``; ``$BZR_EDITOR`` will
316
override either of the above mentioned editor options. If you quit the
317
editor without making any changes, the commit will be cancelled.
319
The file that is opened in the editor contains a horizontal line. The part
320
of the file below this line is included for information only, and will not
321
form part of the commit message. Below the separator is shown the list of
322
files that are changed in the commit. You should write your message above
323
the line, and then save the file and exit.
325
If you would like to see the diff that will be committed as you edit the
326
message you can use the ``--show-diff`` option to ``commit``. This will include
327
the diff in the editor when it is opened, below the separator and the
328
information about the files that will be committed. This means that you can
329
read it as you write the message, but the diff itself wont be seen in the
330
commit message when you have finished. If you would like parts to be
331
included in the message you can copy and paste them above the separator.
333
Marking bugs as fixed
334
---------------------
336
Many changes to a project are as a result of fixing bugs. Bazaar can keep
337
metadata about bugs you fixed when you commit them. To do this you use the
338
``--fixes`` option. This option takes an argument that looks like this::
340
% bzr commit --fixes <tracker>:<id>
342
Where ``<tracker>`` is an identifier for a bug tracker and ``<id>`` is an
343
identifier for a bug that is tracked in that bug tracker. ``<id>`` is usually
344
a number. Bazaar already knows about a few popular bug trackers. They are
345
bugs.launchpad.net, bugs.debian.org, and bugzilla.gnome.org. These trackers
346
have their own identifiers: lp, deb, and gnome respectively. For example,
347
if you made a change to fix the bug #1234 on bugs.launchpad.net, you would
348
use the following command to commit your fix::
350
% bzr commit -m "fixed my first bug" --fixes lp:1234
352
For more information on this topic or for information on how to configure
353
other bug trackers please read `Bug Tracker Settings`_.
355
.. _Bug Tracker Settings: ../user-reference/index.html#bug-tracker-settings
360
If you give file or directory names on the commit command line then only
361
the changes to those files will be committed. For example::
363
% bzr commit -m "documentation fix" commit.py
365
By default bzr always commits all changes to the tree, even if run from a
366
subdirectory. To commit from only the current directory down, use::
371
Removing uncommitted changes
372
============================
374
If you've made some changes and don't want to keep them, use the
375
**revert** command to go back to the previous head version. It's a good
376
idea to use ``bzr diff`` first to see what will be removed. By default the
377
revert command reverts the whole tree; if file or directory names are
378
given then only those ones will be affected. ``bzr revert`` also clears the
379
list of pending merges revisions.
164
[TODO: commit message interactively, through an editor or from a
167
[TODO: commit only selected files, including renamed/added/deleted
388
Many source trees contain some files that do not need to be versioned,
389
such as editor backups, object or bytecode files, and built programs. You
390
can simply not add them, but then they'll always crop up as unknown files.
391
You can also tell bzr to ignore these files by adding them to a file
392
called ``.bzrignore`` at the top of the tree.
394
This file contains a list of file wildcards (or "globs"), one per line.
395
Typical contents are like this::
176
Many source trees contain some files that do not need to be
177
versioned, such as editor backups, object or bytecode files, and built
178
programs. You can simply not add them, but then they'll always crop
179
up as unknown files. You can also tell bzr to ignore these files by
180
adding them to a file called ``.bzrignore`` at the top of the
183
This file contains a list of file wildcards (or "globs"), one
184
per line. Typical contents are like this::
402
If a glob contains a slash, it is matched against the whole path from the
403
top of the tree; otherwise it is matched against only the filename. So
404
the previous example ignores files with extension ``.o`` in all
405
subdirectories, but this example ignores only ``config.h`` at the top level
406
and HTML files in ``doc/``::
191
If a glob contains a slash, it is matched against the whole path
192
from the top of the tree; otherwise it is matched against only the
193
filename. So the previous example ignores ``*.o`` in all
194
subdirectories, but this example ignores only config.h at the top
195
level and HTML files in ``doc/``::
411
To get a list of which files are ignored and what pattern they matched,
412
use ``bzr ignored``::
200
To get a list of which files are ignored and what pattern they matched, use ``bzr ignored``::
418
It is OK to have either an ignore pattern match a versioned file, or to
419
add an ignored file. Ignore patterns have no effect on versioned files;
420
they only determine whether unversioned files are reported as unknown or
423
The ``.bzrignore`` file should normally be versioned, so that new copies
424
of the branch see the same patterns::
206
It is OK to have an ignore pattern match a versioned file, or to
207
add an ignored file. Ignore patterns have no effect on versioned
208
files; they only determine whether unversioned files are reported as
211
The ``.bzrignore`` file should normally be versioned, so that new
212
copies of the branch see the same patterns::
426
214
% bzr add .bzrignore
427
215
% bzr commit -m "Add ignore patterns"
433
As an alternative to editing the ``.bzrignore`` file, you can use the
434
``bzr ignore`` command. The ``bzr ignore`` command takes filenames and/or
435
patterns as arguments and then adds them to the ``.bzrignore`` file. If a
436
``.bzrignore`` file does not exist the ``bzr ignore`` command will
437
automatically create one for you, and implicitly add it to be versioned::
444
Just like when editing the ``.bzrignore`` file on your own, you should
445
commit the automatically created ``.bzrignore`` file::
447
% bzr commit -m "Added tags to ignore file"
453
There are some ignored files which are not project specific, but more user
454
specific. Things like editor temporary files, or personal temporary files.
455
Rather than add these ignores to every project, bzr supports a global
456
ignore file in ``~/.bazaar/ignore`` [1]_. It has the same syntax as the
457
per-project ignore file.
460
218
Examining history
461
219
=================
466
The ``bzr log`` command shows a list of previous revisions. The ``bzr log
467
--forward`` command does the same in chronological order to get most
468
recent revisions printed at last.
470
As with ``bzr diff``, ``bzr log`` supports the ``-r`` argument::
472
% bzr log -r 1000.. # Revision 1000 and everything after it
473
% bzr log -r ..1000 # Everything up to and including r1000
474
% bzr log -r 1000..1100 # changes from 1000 to 1100
475
% bzr log -r 1000 # The changes in only revision 1000
224
The ``log`` command shows a list of previous revisions.
478
227
Branch statistics
479
228
=================
481
The ``bzr info`` command shows some summary information about the working
482
tree and the branch history.
230
The ``bzr info`` command shows some summary information about
231
the working tree and the branch history.
485
234
Versioning directories
486
235
======================
488
bzr versions files and directories in a way that can keep track of renames
489
and intelligently merge them::
237
bzr versions files and directories in a way that can keep track of
238
renames and intelligently merge them::
492
241
% echo 'int main() {}' > src/simple.c
246
% bzr add src/simple.c
502
252
Deleting and removing files
503
253
===========================
505
You can delete files or directories by just deleting them from the working
506
directory. This is a bit different to CVS, which requires that you also
509
``bzr remove`` makes the file un-versioned, but may or may not delete the
510
working copy [2]_. This is useful when you add the wrong file, or decide that
511
a file should actually not be versioned.
255
You can delete files or directories by just deleting them from the
256
working directory. This is a bit different to CVS, which requires
257
that you also do *cvs remove*.
259
*bzr remove* makes the file un-versioned, but does not
260
delete the working copy. This is useful when you add the wrong file,
261
or decide that a file should actually not be versioned. ::
516
264
% bzr remove -v hello.txt
526
If you remove the wrong file by accident, you can use ``bzr revert`` to
533
Often rather than starting your own project, you will want to submit a
534
change to an existing project. To do this, you'll need to get a copy of
535
the existing branch. Because this new copy is potentially a new branch,
536
the command is called **branch**::
538
% bzr branch lp:bzr bzr.dev
541
This copies down the complete history of this branch, so we can do all
542
operations on it locally: log, annotate, making and merging branches.
543
There will be an option to get only part of the history if you wish.
545
You can also get a copy of an existing branch by copying its directory,
546
expanding a tarball, or by a remote copy using something like rsync.
275
Often rather than starting your own project, you will want to
276
submit a change to an existing project. You can get a copy of an
277
existing branch by copying its directory, expanding a tarball, or by a
278
remote copy using something like rsync. You can also use bzr to fetch
279
a copy. Because this new copy is potentially a new branch, the
280
command is called *branch*::
282
% bzr branch http://bazaar-ng.org/bzr/main ./bzr-main
285
This copies down the complete history of this branch, so we can
286
do all operations on it locally: log, annotate, making and merging
287
branches. There will be an option to get only part of the history if
548
292
Following upstream changes
549
293
==========================
551
You can stay up-to-date with the parent branch by "pulling" in their
295
You can stay up-to-date with the parent branch by *pulling*
556
After this change, the local directory will be a mirror of the source. This
557
includes the ''revision-history'' - which is a list of the commits done in
558
this branch, rather than merged from other branches.
560
This command only works if your local (destination) branch is either an
561
older copy of the parent branch with no new commits of its own, or if the
562
most recent commit in your local branch has been merged into the parent
565
Merging from related branches
566
=============================
568
If two branches have diverged (both have unique changes) then ``bzr
569
merge`` is the appropriate command to use. Merge will automatically
570
calculate the changes that exist in the branch you're merging from that
571
are not in your branch and attempt to apply them in your branch.
578
If there is a conflict during a merge, 3 files with the same basename
579
are created. The filename of the common base is appended with ".BASE",
580
the filename of the file containing your changes is appended with
581
".THIS" and the filename with the changes from the other tree is
582
appended with ".OTHER". Using a program such as kdiff3, you can now
583
comfortably merge them into one file. In order to commit you have to
584
rename the merged file (".THIS") to the original file name. To
585
complete the conflict resolution you must use the resolve command,
586
which will remove the ".OTHER" and ".BASE" files. As long as there
587
exist files with .BASE, .THIS or .OTHER the commit command will
592
% kdiff3 file.BASE file.OTHER file.THIS
596
[**TODO**: explain conflict markers within files]
599
Publishing your branch
600
======================
602
You don't need a special server to publish a bzr branch, just a normal web
603
server. Just mirror the files to your server, including the .bzr
604
directory. One can push a branch (or the changes for a branch) by one of
605
the following three methods:
607
* The best method is to use bzr itself to do it.
611
% bzr push sftp://servername.com/path/to/directory
613
(The destination directory must already exist unless the
614
``--create-prefix`` option is used.)
616
* Another option is the ``rspush`` plugin that comes with BzrTools, which
617
uses rsync to push the changes to the revision history and the working
620
* You can also copy the files around manually, by sending a tarball, or using
621
rsync, or other related file transfer methods. This is usually less safe
622
than using ``push``, but may be faster or easier in some situations.
625
Moving changes between trees
626
============================
628
It happens to the best of us: sometimes you'll make changes in the wrong
629
tree. Maybe because you've accidentally started work in the wrong directory,
630
maybe because as you're working, the change turns out to be bigger than you
631
expected, so you start a new branch for it.
633
To move your changes from one tree to another, use
638
% bzr merge --uncommitted OLDDIR
640
This will apply all of the uncommitted changes you made in OLDDIR to NEWDIR.
641
It will not apply committed changes, even if they could be applied to NEWDIR
642
with a regular merge. The changes will remain in OLDDIR, but you can use ``bzr
643
revert OLDDIR`` to remove them, once you're satisfied with NEWDIR.
645
NEWDIR does not have to be a copy of OLDDIR, but they should be related.
646
The more different they are, the greater the chance of conflicts.
300
This only works if the local branch if your branch includes only
301
changes from the parent branch. Otherwise, the branches are said to
302
have *diverged*, and they must be merged instead.
added
removed
tutorial.txt
