Analysing a specific use case
=============================

The analysis of a use case needs to provide as outputs:
 * The functional requirements that the use case has to satisfy.
 * The file level operations and access patterns that will give the best
   performance.
 * A low friction API which will allow the use case to be implemented.
 * The release of bzr (and thus the supported features) for which the analysis
   was performed. The feature set of bzr defines the access patterns and data
   required to implement any use case. So when we add features, their design
   changes the requirements for the parts of the system they alter, so we need
   to re-analyse use cases when bzr's feature set changes. If future plans are
   considered in the analysis with the intention of avoiding rework, these
   should also be mentioned.

Performing the analysis
=======================

The analysis needs to be able to define the characteristics of the
involved disk storage and APIs. That means we need to examine the data
required for the operation, in what order it is required, on both the
read and write sides, and how that needs to be presented to be
consistent with our layering.

As a quick example: 'annotation of a file requires the file id looked up
from the tree, the basis revision id from the tree, and then the text of
that fileid-revisionid pair along with the creating revision id
allocated to each line, and the dotted revision number of each of those
revision ids.' All three of our key domain objects are involved here,
but we haven't defined any characteristics of the api or disk facilities
yet. We could then do that by saying something like 'the file-id lookup
should degrade gracefully as trees become huge. The tree basis id should
be constant time. Retrieval of the annotated text should be roughly
constant for any text of the same size regardless of the number of
revisions contributing to its content. Mapping of the revision ids to
dotted revnos could be done as the text is retrieved, but its completely
fine to post-process the annotated text to obtain dotted-revnos.'

What factors should be considered?
==================================

Obviously, those that will make for an extremely fast system :). There
are many possible factors, but the ones I think are most interesting to
design with are:

- baseline overhead:

   - The time to get bzr ready to begin the use case.

- scaling: how does performance change when any of the follow aspects
  of the system are ratched massively up or down:

   - number of files/dirs/symlinks/subtrees in a tree (both working and 
     revision trees)
   - size of any particular file
   - number of elements within a single directory
   - length of symlinks
   - number of changes to any file over time
     (subordinately also the number of merges of the file)
   - number of commits in the ancestry of a branch
     (subordinately also the number of merges)
   - number of revisions in a repository
   - number of fileids in a repository
   - number of ghosts in a given graph (revision or per-file)
   - number of branches in a repository
   - number of concurrent readers for a tree/branch/repository
   - number of concurrent writers for objects that support that.
   - latency to perform file operations (e.g. slow disks, network file systems,
     our VFS layer and FTP/SFTP/etc)
   - bandwidth to the disk storage
   - latency to perform semantic operations (hpss specific)
   - bandwidth when performing semantic operations.

- locality of reference: If an operation requires data that is located
  within a small region at any point, we often get better performance 
  than with an implementation of the same operation that requires the
  same amount of data but with a lower locality of reference. Its 
  fairly tricky to add locality of reference after the fact, so I think
  its worth considering up front.

Using these factors, to the annotate example we can add that its
reasonable to do two 'semantic' round trips to the local tree, one to
the branch object, and two to the repository. In file-operation level
measurements, in an ideal world there would be no more than one round
trip for each semantic operation. What there must not be is one round
trip per revision involved in the revisionid->dotted number mapping, nor
per each revision id attributed to a line in the text. 

Not all the items mentioned above are created equal. The analysis should
include the parameters considered and the common case values for each - the
optimisation should be around the common cases not around the exceptions.

For instance, we have a smart server now; file level operations are relatively
low latency and we should use that as the common case. At this point we intend
to preserve the performance of the dumb protocol networking, but focus on
improving network performance via the smart server and thus escape the
file-level operation latency considerations.

Many performance problems only become visible when changing the scaling knobs
upwards to large trees. On small trees its our baseline performance that drives
incremental improvements; on large trees its the amount of processing per item
that drives performance. A significant goal therefore is to keep the amouont of
data to be processed under control. Ideally we can scale in a sublinear fashion
for all operations, but we MUST NOT scale even linearly for operations that
invoke a latency multiplier. For example, reading a file on disk requires
finding the inode for the file, then the block with the data and returning the
contents. Due to directory grouping logic we pay a massive price to read files
if we do not group the reads of files within the same directory.