~bzr-pqm/bzr/bzr.dev

====================

Bazaar Testing Guide

====================

The Importance of Testing

=========================

Reliability is a critical success factor for any Version Control System.

We want Bazaar to be highly reliable across multiple platforms while

evolving over time to meet the needs of its community.

In a nutshell, this is what we expect and encourage:

* New functionality should have test cases.  Preferably write the

  test before writing the code.

  In general, you can test at either the command-line level or the

  internal API level.  See `Writing tests`_ below for more detail.

* Try to practice Test-Driven Development: before fixing a bug, write a

  test case so that it does not regress.  Similarly for adding a new

  feature: write a test case for a small version of the new feature before

  starting on the code itself.  Check the test fails on the old code, then

  add the feature or fix and check it passes.

By doing these things, the Bazaar team gets increased confidence that

changes do what they claim to do, whether provided by the core team or

by community members. Equally importantly, we can be surer that changes

down the track do not break new features or bug fixes that you are

contributing today.

As of September 2009, Bazaar ships with a test suite containing over

23,000 tests and growing. We are proud of it and want to remain so. As

community members, we all benefit from it. Would you trust version control

on your project to a product *without* a test suite like Bazaar has?

Running the Test Suite

======================

As of Bazaar 2.1, you must have the testtools_ library installed to run

the bzr test suite.

.. _testtools: https://launchpad.net/testtools/

To test all of Bazaar, just run::

  bzr selftest 

With ``--verbose`` bzr will print the name of every test as it is run.

This should always pass, whether run from a source tree or an installed

copy of Bazaar.  Please investigate and/or report any failures.

Running particular tests

------------------------

Currently, bzr selftest is used to invoke tests.

You can provide a pattern argument to run a subset. For example,

to run just the blackbox tests, run::

  ./bzr selftest -v blackbox

To skip a particular test (or set of tests), use the --exclude option

(shorthand -x) like so::

  ./bzr selftest -v -x blackbox

To ensure that all tests are being run and succeeding, you can use the

--strict option which will fail if there are any missing features or known

failures, like so::

  ./bzr selftest --strict

To list tests without running them, use the --list-only option like so::

  ./bzr selftest --list-only

This option can be combined with other selftest options (like -x) and

filter patterns to understand their effect.

Once you understand how to create a list of tests, you can use the --load-list

option to run only a restricted set of tests that you kept in a file, one test

id by line. Keep in mind that this will never be sufficient to validate your

modifications, you still need to run the full test suite for that, but using it

can help in some cases (like running only the failed tests for some time)::

  ./bzr selftest -- load-list my_failing_tests

This option can also be combined with other selftest options, including

patterns. It has some drawbacks though, the list can become out of date pretty

quick when doing Test Driven Development.

To address this concern, there is another way to run a restricted set of tests:

the --starting-with option will run only the tests whose name starts with the

specified string. It will also avoid loading the other tests and as a

consequence starts running your tests quicker::

  ./bzr selftest --starting-with bzrlib.blackbox

This option can be combined with all the other selftest options including

--load-list. The later is rarely used but allows to run a subset of a list of

failing tests for example.

Disabling plugins

-----------------

To test only the bzr core, ignoring any plugins you may have installed,

use::

  ./bzr --no-plugins selftest 

Disabling crash reporting

-------------------------

By default Bazaar uses apport_ to report program crashes.  In developing

Bazaar it's normal and expected to have it crash from time to time, at

least because a test failed if for no other reason.

Therefore you should probably add ``debug_flags = no_apport`` to your

``bazaar.conf`` file (in ``~/.bazaar/`` on Unix), so that failures just

print a traceback rather than writing a crash file.

.. _apport: https://launchpad.net/apport/

Test suite debug flags

----------------------

Similar to the global ``-Dfoo`` debug options, bzr selftest accepts

``-E=foo`` debug flags.  These flags are:

:allow_debug: do *not* clear the global debug flags when running a test.

  This can provide useful logging to help debug test failures when used

  with e.g. ``bzr -Dhpss selftest -E=allow_debug``

  Note that this will probably cause some tests to fail, because they

  don't expect to run with any debug flags on.

Using subunit

-------------

Bazaar can optionally produce output in the machine-readable subunit_

format, so that test output can be post-processed by various tools. To

generate a subunit test stream::

 $ ./bzr selftest --subunit

Processing such a stream can be done using a variety of tools including:

* The builtin ``subunit2pyunit``, ``subunit-filter``, ``subunit-ls``,

  ``subunit2junitxml`` from the subunit project.

* tribunal_, a GUI for showing test results.

* testrepository_, a tool for gathering and managing test runs.

.. _subunit: https://launchpad.net/subunit/

.. _tribunal: https://launchpad.net/tribunal/

Using testrepository

--------------------

Bazaar ships with a config file for testrepository_. This can be very

useful for keeping track of failing tests and doing general workflow

support. To run tests using testrepository::

  $ testr run

To run only failing tests::

  $ testr run --failing

To run only some tests, without plugins::

  $ test run test_selftest -- --no-plugins

See the testrepository documentation for more details.

.. _testrepository: https://launchpad.net/testrepository

Writing Tests

=============

Normally you should add or update a test for all bug fixes or new features

in Bazaar.

Where should I put a new test?

------------------------------

Bzrlib's tests are organised by the type of test.  Most of the tests in

bzr's test suite belong to one of these categories:

 - Unit tests

 - Blackbox (UI) tests

 - Per-implementation tests

 - Doctests

A quick description of these test types and where they belong in bzrlib's

source follows.  Not all tests fall neatly into one of these categories;

in those cases use your judgement.

Unit tests

~~~~~~~~~~

Unit tests make up the bulk of our test suite.  These are tests that are

focused on exercising a single, specific unit of the code as directly

as possible.  Each unit test is generally fairly short and runs very

quickly.

They are found in ``bzrlib/tests/test_*.py``.  So in general tests should

be placed in a file named test_FOO.py where FOO is the logical thing under

test.

For example, tests for merge3 in bzrlib belong in bzrlib/tests/test_merge3.py.

See bzrlib/tests/test_sampler.py for a template test script.

Blackbox (UI) tests

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Tests can be written for the UI or for individual areas of the library.

Choose whichever is appropriate: if adding a new command, or a new command

option, then you should be writing a UI test.  If you are both adding UI

functionality and library functionality, you will want to write tests for

both the UI and the core behaviours.  We call UI tests 'blackbox' tests

and they belong in ``bzrlib/tests/blackbox/*.py``.

When writing blackbox tests please honour the following conventions:

 1. Place the tests for the command 'name' in

    bzrlib/tests/blackbox/test_name.py. This makes it easy for developers

    to locate the test script for a faulty command.

 2. Use the 'self.run_bzr("name")' utility function to invoke the command

    rather than running bzr in a subprocess or invoking the

    cmd_object.run() method directly. This is a lot faster than

    subprocesses and generates the same logging output as running it in a

    subprocess (which invoking the method directly does not).

 3. Only test the one command in a single test script. Use the bzrlib

    library when setting up tests and when evaluating the side-effects of

    the command. We do this so that the library api has continual pressure

    on it to be as functional as the command line in a simple manner, and

    to isolate knock-on effects throughout the blackbox test suite when a

    command changes its name or signature. Ideally only the tests for a

    given command are affected when a given command is changed.

 4. If you have a test which does actually require running bzr in a

    subprocess you can use ``run_bzr_subprocess``. By default the spawned

    process will not load plugins unless ``--allow-plugins`` is supplied.

Per-implementation tests

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Per-implementation tests are tests that are defined once and then run

against multiple implementations of an interface.  For example,

``per_transport.py`` defines tests that all Transport implementations

(local filesystem, HTTP, and so on) must pass. They are found in

``bzrlib/tests/per_*/*.py``, and ``bzrlib/tests/per_*.py``.

These are really a sub-category of unit tests, but an important one.

Along the same lines are tests for extension modules. We generally have

both a pure-python and a compiled implementation for each module. As such,

we want to run the same tests against both implementations. These can

generally be found in ``bzrlib/tests/*__*.py`` since extension modules are

usually prefixed with an underscore. Since there are only two

implementations, we have a helper function

``bzrlib.tests.permute_for_extension``, which can simplify the

``load_tests`` implementation.

Doctests

~~~~~~~~

We make selective use of doctests__.  In general they should provide

*examples* within the API documentation which can incidentally be tested.  We

don't try to test every important case using doctests |--| regular Python

tests are generally a better solution.  That is, we just use doctests to

make our documentation testable, rather than as a way to make tests.

Most of these are in ``bzrlib/doc/api``.  More additions are welcome.

  __ http://docs.python.org/lib/module-doctest.html

Shell-like tests

----------------

``bzrlib/tests/script.py`` allows users to write tests in a syntax very close to a shell session,

using a restricted and limited set of commands that should be enough to mimic

most of the behaviours.

A script is a set of commands, each command is composed of:

 * one mandatory command line,

 * one optional set of input lines to feed the command,

 * one optional set of output expected lines,

 * one optional set of error expected lines.

Input, output and error lines can be specified in any order.

Except for the expected output, all lines start with a special

string (based on their origin when used under a Unix shell):

 * '$ ' for the command,

 * '<' for input,

 * nothing for output,

 * '2>' for errors,

Comments can be added anywhere, they start with '#' and end with

the line.

The execution stops as soon as an expected output or an expected error is not

matched.

When no output is specified, any ouput from the command is accepted

and execution continue.

If an error occurs and no expected error is specified, the execution stops.

An error is defined by a returned status different from zero, not by the

presence of text on the error stream.

The matching is done on a full string comparison basis unless '...' is used, in

which case expected output/errors can be less precise.

Examples:

The following will succeeds only if 'bzr add' outputs 'adding file'::

  $ bzr add file

  >adding file

If you want the command to succeed for any output, just use::

  $ bzr add file

The following will stop with an error::

  $ bzr not-a-command

If you want it to succeed, use::

  $ bzr not-a-command

  2> bzr: ERROR: unknown command "not-a-command"

You can use ellipsis (...) to replace any piece of text you don't want to be

matched exactly::

  $ bzr branch not-a-branch

  2>bzr: ERROR: Not a branch...not-a-branch/".

This can be used to ignore entire lines too::

  $ cat

  <first line

  <second line

  <third line

  # And here we explain that surprising fourth line

  <fourth line

  <last line

  >first line

  >...

  >last line

You can check the content of a file with cat::

  $ cat <file

  >expected content

You can also check the existence of a file with cat, the following will fail if

the file doesn't exist::

  $ cat file

The actual use of ScriptRunner within a TestCase looks something like

this::

        def test_unshelve_keep(self):

                # some setup here

                sr = ScriptRunner()

                sr.run_script(self, '''

        $ bzr add file

        $ bzr shelve --all -m Foo

        $ bzr shelve --list

        1: Foo

        $ bzr unshelve --keep

        $ bzr shelve --list

        1: Foo

        $ cat file

        contents of file

        ''')

Import tariff tests

-------------------

`bzrlib.tests.test_import_tariff` has some tests that measure how many

Python modules are loaded to run some representative commands.

We want to avoid loading code unnecessarily, for reasons including:

* Python modules are interpreted when they're loaded, either to define

  classes or modules or perhaps to initialize some structures.

* With a cold cache we may incur blocking real disk IO for each module.

* Some modules depend on many others.

* Some optional modules such as `testtools` are meant to be soft

  dependencies and only needed for particular cases.  If they're loaded in

  other cases then bzr may break for people who don't have those modules.

`test_import_tarrif` allows us to check that removal of imports doesn't

regress.

This is done by running the command in a subprocess with

``--profile-imports``.  Starting a whole Python interpreter is pretty

slow, so we don't want exhaustive testing here, but just enough to guard

against distinct fixed problems.

Assertions about precisely what is loaded tend to be brittle so we instead

make assertions that particular things aren't loaded.

Unless selftest is run with ``--no-plugins``, modules will be loaded in

the usual way and checks made on what they cause to be loaded.  This is

probably worth checking into, because many bzr users have at least some

plugins installed (and they're included in binary installers).

In theory, plugins might have a good reason to load almost anything:

someone might write a plugin that opens a network connection or pops up a

gui window every time you run 'bzr status'.  However, it's more likely

that the code to do these things is just being loaded accidentally.  We

might eventually need to have a way to make exceptions for particular

plugins.

Some things to check:

* non-GUI commands shouldn't load GUI libraries

* operations on bzr native formats sholudn't load foreign branch libraries

* network code shouldn't be loaded for purely local operations

* particularly expensive Python built-in modules shouldn't be loaded

  unless there is a good reason

Testing locking behaviour

-------------------------

In order to test the locking behaviour of commands, it is possible to install

a hook that is called when a write lock is: acquired, released or broken.

(Read locks also exist, they cannot be discovered in this way.)

A hook can be installed by calling bzrlib.lock.Lock.hooks.install_named_hook.

The three valid hooks are: `lock_acquired`, `lock_released` and `lock_broken`.

Example::

    locks_acquired = []

    locks_released = []

    lock.Lock.hooks.install_named_hook('lock_acquired',

        locks_acquired.append, None)

    lock.Lock.hooks.install_named_hook('lock_released',

        locks_released.append, None)

`locks_acquired` will now receive a LockResult instance for all locks acquired

since the time the hook is installed.

The last part of the `lock_url` allows you to identify the type of object that is locked.

- BzrDir: `/branch-lock`

- Working tree: `/checkout/lock`

- Branch: `/branch/lock`

- Repository: `/repository/lock`

To test if a lock is a write lock on a working tree, one can do the following::

    self.assertEndsWith(locks_acquired[0].lock_url, "/checkout/lock")

See bzrlib/tests/commands/test_revert.py for an example of how to use this for

testing locks.

Skipping tests

--------------

In our enhancements to unittest we allow for some addition results beyond

just success or failure.

If a test can't be run, it can say that it's skipped by raising a special

exception.  This is typically used in parameterized tests |--| for example

if a transport doesn't support setting permissions, we'll skip the tests

that relating to that.  ::

    try:

        return self.branch_format.initialize(repo.bzrdir)

    except errors.UninitializableFormat:

        raise tests.TestSkipped('Uninitializable branch format')

Raising TestSkipped is a good idea when you want to make it clear that the

test was not run, rather than just returning which makes it look as if it

was run and passed.

Several different cases are distinguished:

TestSkipped

        Generic skip; the only type that was present up to bzr 0.18.

TestNotApplicable

        The test doesn't apply to the parameters with which it was run.

        This is typically used when the test is being applied to all

        implementations of an interface, but some aspects of the interface

        are optional and not present in particular concrete

        implementations.  (Some tests that should raise this currently

        either silently return or raise TestSkipped.)  Another option is

        to use more precise parameterization to avoid generating the test

        at all.

UnavailableFeature

        The test can't be run because a dependency (typically a Python

        library) is not available in the test environment.  These

        are in general things that the person running the test could fix

        by installing the library.  It's OK if some of these occur when

        an end user runs the tests or if we're specifically testing in a

        limited environment, but a full test should never see them.

        See `Test feature dependencies`_ below.

KnownFailure

        The test exists but is known to fail, for example this might be

        appropriate to raise if you've committed a test for a bug but not

        the fix for it, or if something works on Unix but not on Windows.

        Raising this allows you to distinguish these failures from the

        ones that are not expected to fail.  If the test would fail

        because of something we don't expect or intend to fix,

        KnownFailure is not appropriate, and TestNotApplicable might be

        better.

        KnownFailure should be used with care as we don't want a

        proliferation of quietly broken tests.

We plan to support three modes for running the test suite to control the

interpretation of these results.  Strict mode is for use in situations

like merges to the mainline and releases where we want to make sure that

everything that can be tested has been tested.  Lax mode is for use by

developers who want to temporarily tolerate some known failures.  The

default behaviour is obtained by ``bzr selftest`` with no options, and

also (if possible) by running under another unittest harness.

======================= ======= ======= ========

result                  strict  default lax

======================= ======= ======= ========

TestSkipped             pass    pass    pass

TestNotApplicable       pass    pass    pass

UnavailableFeature      fail    pass    pass

KnownFailure            fail    pass    pass

======================= ======= ======= ========

Test feature dependencies

-------------------------

Writing tests that require a feature

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Rather than manually checking the environment in each test, a test class

can declare its dependence on some test features.  The feature objects are

checked only once for each run of the whole test suite.

(For historical reasons, as of May 2007 many cases that should depend on

features currently raise TestSkipped.)

For example::

    class TestStrace(TestCaseWithTransport):

        _test_needs_features = [StraceFeature]

This means all tests in this class need the feature.  If the feature is

not available the test will be skipped using UnavailableFeature.

Individual tests can also require a feature using the ``requireFeature``

method::

    self.requireFeature(StraceFeature)

The old naming style for features is CamelCase, but because they're

actually instances not classses they're now given instance-style names

like ``apport``.

Features already defined in ``bzrlib.tests`` and ``bzrlib.tests.features``

include:

 - apport

 - paramiko

 - SymlinkFeature

 - HardlinkFeature

 - OsFifoFeature

 - UnicodeFilenameFeature

 - FTPServerFeature

 - CaseInsensitiveFilesystemFeature.

 - chown_feature: The test can rely on OS being POSIX and python

   supporting os.chown.

 - posix_permissions_feature: The test can use POSIX-style

   user/group/other permission bits.

Defining a new feature that tests can require

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

New features for use with ``_test_needs_features`` or ``requireFeature``

are defined by subclassing ``bzrlib.tests.Feature`` and overriding the

``_probe`` and ``feature_name`` methods.  For example::

    class _SymlinkFeature(Feature):

        def _probe(self):

            return osutils.has_symlinks()

        def feature_name(self):

            return 'symlinks'

    SymlinkFeature = _SymlinkFeature()

A helper for handling running tests based on whether a python

module is available. This can handle 3rd-party dependencies (is

``paramiko`` available?) as well as stdlib (``termios``) or

extension modules (``bzrlib._groupcompress_pyx``). You create a

new feature instance with::

    # in bzrlib/tests/features.py

    apport = tests.ModuleAvailableFeature('apport')

    # then in bzrlib/tests/test_apport.py

    class TestApportReporting(TestCaseInTempDir):

        _test_needs_features = [features.apport]

Testing exceptions and errors

-----------------------------

It's important to test handling of errors and exceptions.  Because this

code is often not hit in ad-hoc testing it can often have hidden bugs --

it's particularly common to get NameError because the exception code

references a variable that has since been renamed.

.. TODO: Something about how to provoke errors in the right way?

In general we want to test errors at two levels:

1. A test in ``test_errors.py`` checking that when the exception object is

   constructed with known parameters it produces an expected string form.

   This guards against mistakes in writing the format string, or in the

   ``str`` representations of its parameters.  There should be one for

   each exception class.

2. Tests that when an api is called in a particular situation, it raises

   an error of the expected class.  You should typically use

   ``assertRaises``, which in the Bazaar test suite returns the exception

   object to allow you to examine its parameters.

In some cases blackbox tests will also want to check error reporting.  But

it can be difficult to provoke every error through the commandline

interface, so those tests are only done as needed |--| eg in response to a

particular bug or if the error is reported in an unusual way(?)  Blackbox

tests should mostly be testing how the command-line interface works, so

should only test errors if there is something particular to the cli in how

they're displayed or handled.

Testing warnings

----------------

The Python ``warnings`` module is used to indicate a non-fatal code

problem.  Code that's expected to raise a warning can be tested through

callCatchWarnings.

The test suite can be run with ``-Werror`` to check no unexpected errors

occur.

However, warnings should be used with discretion.  It's not an appropriate

way to give messages to the user, because the warning is normally shown

only once per source line that causes the problem.  You should also think

about whether the warning is serious enought that it should be visible to

users who may not be able to fix it.

Interface implementation testing and test scenarios

---------------------------------------------------

There are several cases in Bazaar of multiple implementations of a common

conceptual interface.  ("Conceptual" because it's not necessary for all

the implementations to share a base class, though they often do.)

Examples include transports and the working tree, branch and repository

classes.

In these cases we want to make sure that every implementation correctly

fulfils the interface requirements.  For example, every Transport should

support the ``has()`` and ``get()`` and ``clone()`` methods.  We have a

sub-suite of tests in ``test_transport_implementations``.  (Most

per-implementation tests are in submodules of ``bzrlib.tests``, but not

the transport tests at the moment.)

These tests are repeated for each registered Transport, by generating a

new TestCase instance for the cross product of test methods and transport

implementations.  As each test runs, it has ``transport_class`` and

``transport_server`` set to the class it should test.  Most tests don't

access these directly, but rather use ``self.get_transport`` which returns

a transport of the appropriate type.

The goal is to run per-implementation only the tests that relate to that

particular interface.  Sometimes we discover a bug elsewhere that happens

with only one particular transport.  Once it's isolated, we can consider

whether a test should be added for that particular implementation,

or for all implementations of the interface.

The multiplication of tests for different implementations is normally

accomplished by overriding the ``load_tests`` function used to load tests

from a module.  This function typically loads all the tests, then applies

a TestProviderAdapter to them, which generates a longer suite containing

all the test variations.

See also `Per-implementation tests`_ (above).

Test scenarios

--------------

Some utilities are provided for generating variations of tests.  This can

be used for per-implementation tests, or other cases where the same test

code needs to run several times on different scenarios.

The general approach is to define a class that provides test methods,

which depend on attributes of the test object being pre-set with the

values to which the test should be applied.  The test suite should then

also provide a list of scenarios in which to run the tests.

Typically ``multiply_tests_from_modules`` should be called from the test

module's ``load_tests`` function.

Test support

------------

We have a rich collection of tools to support writing tests. Please use

them in preference to ad-hoc solutions as they provide portability and

performance benefits.

TestCase and its subclasses

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The ``bzrlib.tests`` module defines many TestCase classes to help you

write your tests.

TestCase

    A base TestCase that extends the Python standard library's

    TestCase in several ways.  It adds more assertion methods (e.g.

    ``assertContainsRe``), ``addCleanup``, and other features (see its API

    docs for details).  It also has a ``setUp`` that makes sure that

    global state like registered hooks and loggers won't interfere with

    your test.  All tests should use this base class (whether directly or

    via a subclass).

TestCaseWithMemoryTransport

    Extends TestCase and adds methods like ``get_transport``,

    ``make_branch`` and ``make_branch_builder``.  The files created are

    stored in a MemoryTransport that is discarded at the end of the test.

    This class is good for tests that need to make branches or use

    transports, but that don't require storing things on disk.  All tests

    that create bzrdirs should use this base class (either directly or via

    a subclass) as it ensures that the test won't accidentally operate on

    real branches in your filesystem.

TestCaseInTempDir

    Extends TestCaseWithMemoryTransport.  For tests that really do need

    files to be stored on disk, e.g. because a subprocess uses a file, or

    for testing functionality that accesses the filesystem directly rather

    than via the Transport layer (such as dirstate).

TestCaseWithTransport

    Extends TestCaseInTempDir.  Provides ``get_url`` and

    ``get_readonly_url`` facilities.  Subclasses can control the

    transports used by setting ``vfs_transport_factory``,

    ``transport_server`` and/or ``transport_readonly_server``.

See the API docs for more details.

BranchBuilder

~~~~~~~~~~~~~

When writing a test for a feature, it is often necessary to set up a

branch with a certain history.  The ``BranchBuilder`` interface allows the

creation of test branches in a quick and easy manner.  Here's a sample

session::

  builder = self.make_branch_builder('relpath')

  builder.build_commit()

  builder.build_commit()

  builder.build_commit()

  branch = builder.get_branch()

``make_branch_builder`` is a method of ``TestCaseWithMemoryTransport``.

Note that many current tests create test branches by inheriting from

``TestCaseWithTransport`` and using the ``make_branch_and_tree`` helper to

give them a ``WorkingTree`` that they can commit to. However, using the

newer ``make_branch_builder`` helper is preferred, because it can build

the changes in memory, rather than on disk. Tests that are explictly

testing how we work with disk objects should, of course, use a real

``WorkingTree``.

Please see bzrlib.branchbuilder for more details.

If you're going to examine the commit timestamps e.g. in a test for log

output, you should set the timestamp on the tree, rather than using fuzzy

matches in the test.

TreeBuilder

~~~~~~~~~~~

The ``TreeBuilder`` interface allows the construction of arbitrary trees

with a declarative interface. A sample session might look like::

  tree = self.make_branch_and_tree('path')

  builder = TreeBuilder()

  builder.start_tree(tree)

  builder.build(['foo', "bar/", "bar/file"])

  tree.commit('commit the tree')

  builder.finish_tree()

Usually a test will create a tree using ``make_branch_and_memory_tree`` (a

method of ``TestCaseWithMemoryTransport``) or ``make_branch_and_tree`` (a

method of ``TestCaseWithTransport``).

Please see bzrlib.treebuilder for more details.

.. |--| unicode:: U+2014

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